Narges Abdoli; Nasrin Parsaei; Hassan Rohbanfard
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of combined observational and shadow practices on learning dart throwing skill. 60 female high school students (17-19 years old) who volunteered to participate in this study were selected and randomly assigned to 5 groups after pretest: observational, ...
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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of combined observational and shadow practices on learning dart throwing skill. 60 female high school students (17-19 years old) who volunteered to participate in this study were selected and randomly assigned to 5 groups after pretest: observational, shadow, physical, combined (observational-shadow) and the control. During the acquisition phase, the practice groups practiced 60 trials of dart throwing skill based on the specific instructions for each group. 10 minutes after the acquisition phase, immediate retention/transfer tests were conducted and after 24 hours of detraining, delayed transfer/ retention tests were carried out. ANOVA with repeated measures (P=0.05) revealed that practice groups had significantly better performances than the control group (P>0.05). Also, physical and combined groups had significantly better performances than the observational and shadow groups (P<0.05). The combined group enjoyed learning equal to physical practice (P<0.05). Overall, the results indicated that combined observation and shadow practices resulted in learning equal to physical practice. These findings suggest that as this practice method can be applied anytime and anywhere with minimum requirements, it can reduce the educational time and costs and even it can be replaced by physical practice under specific circumstances.
Nasrin Parsaei; Behrooz Abdoli; Mohammadkazem Vaez Musavi; Mohammadali Aslankhani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to predict expert archers’ performance on the basis of
psychological factors such as arousal, activation, anxiety, motivation and
personality characteristics with an emphasis on extraversion / introversion
dimension. In this predictive correlation study, 34 expert archers ...
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The aim of this study was to predict expert archers’ performance on the basis of
psychological factors such as arousal, activation, anxiety, motivation and
personality characteristics with an emphasis on extraversion / introversion
dimension. In this predictive correlation study, 34 expert archers were randomly
selected as the sample of the study out of the archers of national team (statistical
population). Skin conductance level was measured to assess arousal. To determine
trait anxiety, Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) and for state anxiety,
Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) were used. Sport Motivation Scale
(SMS) was used to determine motivation. Extraversion / introversion level was
measured by eysenck personality questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient
was used to determine the level of correlation and linear multivariate regression
was used to predict subjects’ performance. The results indicated a significant
positive relationship between subjects’ performance and arousal, activation,
motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic) and extraversion / introversion whereas there was
no significant relationship between their performance and anxiety (trait, cognitive,
somatic) and consequently they could not predict performance. Also, the results
revealed that arousal and activation (P
