Behrouz Abdoli; Nassour Ahmadi; Azam Ghazi
Abstract
According to specificity of practice hypothesis, availability of visual information during practice induces performance decrement in no-vision transfer test. One hypothesis is that full vision as a dominant source of information prevents the processing of other sensory sources, in which case, weakened ...
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According to specificity of practice hypothesis, availability of visual information during practice induces performance decrement in no-vision transfer test. One hypothesis is that full vision as a dominant source of information prevents the processing of other sensory sources, in which case, weakened vision may reduce dominance of vision over other sensory sources. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of different vision levels and amount of practice on dart throwing accuracy. 30 right-handed female students of Shahid Beheshti University (mean age 22.80±1.47) were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups: full vision, no-vision and weakened vision. The acquisition phase consisted of two phases of low (45 trials) and high (300 trials) amount of practice. Mixed model ANOVA (2x3) showed that removing vision had no deteriorating effect at the beginning of the practice , but it had a deteriorating effect after extensive practice in the performance of full vision group (P=0.001). Moreover, removing vision did not affect the performance of weakened vision group which could indicate that weakened visual might not prevent the processing of other sources of sensory information. The results of this study supported specificity of practice hypothesis after 300 trials of practice with removing vision. But this hypothesis was not supported with adding vision and dominance of proprioceptive information was not observed. It was likely that dependence on dominant sources of information (vision) appeared sooner while dependence on secondary sources of information (proprioceptive) takes more time and appeared after more trials of practice.
Behrouz Abdoli; Nasour Ahmadi; Elham Azimzadeh; Javad Afshari
Abstract
Success is satisfactory for any athlete. However, some athletes will face anxietyin novel circumstances and fear of future will prevent them from improving. Fearof failure is accompanied with stress and adaptation to stress is the most importantissue for an effective decision. The aim of this study was ...
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Success is satisfactory for any athlete. However, some athletes will face anxietyin novel circumstances and fear of future will prevent them from improving. Fearof failure is accompanied with stress and adaptation to stress is the most importantissue for an effective decision. The aim of this study was to examine validity andreliability of performance failure appraisal inventory (PFAI). For this purpose,203 athlete university students (93 women and 110 men who aged between 19 and23 with the physical activity record 7.70±4.4) completed PFAI. Confirmatoryfactor analysis was used to examine construct validity, Cronbach’s alphacoefficient to examine internal consistency of the items of each factor, and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient to examine inter-factor reliability. Results of confirmatoryfactor analysis confirmed five factors in PFAI: fear of devaluing one’s self-esteem(4 items), fear of an uncertain future (4 items), fear of upsetting importantindividuals (5 items), fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment (7 items) andfear of losing important individuals’ interest (5 items). Correlation analysisshowed an acceptable correlation between all of these factors and fear of failure.The results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed acceptable internal consistencyof items of each subscale.
Nasour Ahmadi; Mohammadali Aslankhani; Naser Naghdi
Abstract
Aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, so it is essential to identify appropriate strategies to prevent the decrease of motor and cognitive functions. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplement on motor activity and spatial learning in aged rats. ...
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Aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, so it is essential to identify appropriate strategies to prevent the decrease of motor and cognitive functions. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplement on motor activity and spatial learning in aged rats. 36 male Albino – Wistar aged rats were assigned to three groups of control, vitamin E and sham. E group received daily 100 mg (50 IU) of vitamin E per kg of body weight with 0.5 ml sesame oil via gavage during 8 weeks. Sham group received daily 0.5 ml sesame oil, but control group did not receive any treatment. After the end of the protocol, open – field and Morris water maze tests were used to respectively assess motor functions and spatial learning. Distance moved and movement speed was used to assess motor function and latency and distance moved to the find platform was used to assess spatial learning. Results showed that in motor function, there was no statistically significant difference among groups in distance moved and movement speed factors (P>0.05). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference among groups in all factors of spatial learning and memory (P>0.05). The results showed that vitamin E did not significantly influence motor and cognitive functions of aged rats. Vitamin E supplement appears not to be efficient in the aging period when antioxidant damages caused irreversible memory destruction.
