Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning

Abstract Introduction: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) focuses on modifying irrational beliefs, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) aims to modulate prefrontal cortex activity. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of REBT and tDCS on perfectionism and burnout among adolescent athletes to enhance psychological well-being .Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest design with a 3-month follow-up and a control group. Sixty semi-skilled male footballers (aged 16–18) were selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to four groups (n=15 each): REBT, tDCS, Combined, and Sham. Instruments included the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale , the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport , and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire . The REBT and Combined groups received eight 45-minute sessions. The tDCS group received 15 minutes of stimulation (2 mA), while the Sham group received 2 minutes of stimulation every five days. Data were analyzed using Mixed Between-Within Subjects Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.Findings: REBT (both standalone and combined ) significantly increased positive perfectionism (p < 0.01) and decreased negative perfectionism (p < 0.01), with effects sustained at the 3-month follow-up. No significant effects were observed on athlete burnout, tDCS alone didnt produce significant changes in any of the variables (p > 0.05).Conclusion: The findings suggest that REBT is an efficacious for managing perfectionism dimensions in adolescents. To mitigate psychological pressure in youth , focusing on cognitive restructuring of underlying beliefs through REBT is recommended. For tDCS to be effective, future research should consider adjusting stimulation parameters and increasing session frequency.

Abstract  
During recent years, mindfulness interventions have shown significant effects on athletic performance; however, researches on the effectiveness of these interventions on important psychological characteristics such as motivation and burnout of athletes are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sports mindfulness intervention (MPSE) on motivation and burnout in athletes. For this purpose, 40 athletic students of Chabahar University were selected as the sample by convenience sampling method and were divided into intervention and control groups. Exercise Motivation Questionnaire (SMS-6) and Sports Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) were used to collect data. 6 weeks of sport mindfulness intervention were used for athletes. Questionnaires were distributed among athletes before and after the intervention and data from questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 by means of descriptive and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance). The results showed that sport mindfulness intervention significantly decreased the burnout (P>0.05). These interventions also significantly increased intrinsic motivation and significantly decreased demotivation and extrinsic motivation of athletes (P<0.05). These results suggested that sport mindfulness interventions can be used as an appropriate instrument to increase the autonomy of sport motivation and to reduce the harmful effects of sport burnout.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the perception of the peer motivational climate, stress and the weekly training with burnout in junior elite athletes of Kerman province. The statistical population consisted of 120 male elite athletes from Kerman province from individual and team sports (table tennis, karate, taekwondo, badminton, cycling, handball, volleyball, basketball, football) who continuously trained at Kerman championship gym in 1391 with the age range of 15–19 years and at least 4 years of experience of participating in a sport field with medals in Iran championships. 92 athletes were randomly selected using Cochran formula. To collect data, peer motivational climate questionnaire (Ntoumanis and Vazou, 2005), athletes' burnout questionnaire (Raedeke and Smith, 2001) and perceived stress scale (Cohen et al., 1983) were used. Finally, personal demographic forms were used to determine the weekly training hours, acquired positions, the duration of activity, age and sport field. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, scatter plot and independent t test were used. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between all peer motivational climate components (except for intra-team conflict) and all burnout components (P<0.05). There was a positive relationship between intra-team conflict and burnout but this relationship was not significant (P≥0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between perceived stress and all burnout components (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between weekly training hours and burnout and its components (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in burnout, perception of peer motivational climate, stress and weekly training hours between individual and team sports (P≥0.05). Finally, the statistical results for prediction of burnout showed that 47.7% of burnout could be explained by the perception of peer motivational climate, stress and weekly training. In addition, stress was the dominant predictor of burnout. The results showed that paying attention to the role of peers and controlling stress during burnout process can guarantee to decrease this phenomenon in junior elite athletes and can improve their performance and stability in sport.

Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship of perfectionism, stress and burnout in male and female swimming coaches. For this purpose, 154 coaches (85 men with the mean age of 30.52±5.26 years and 7.69±4.96 years of coaching experience and 69 females with the mean age of 28.82±5.16 years old and 4.46±6.40 years of coaching experience) were selected. For data collection, four questionnaires were used: Personal information, Hill et al. (2004) perfectionism, Coudron stress and Burnout questionnaire of Maslach and Jackson (1996). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used to design tables and diagrams and distribution indicators like mean, median and mode were used. Also inferential statistics were used at (P<0.05) to test the research hypotheses through variance, Pearson correlation and t test, and also spss and excel software were used for data analysis. The results showed a significant relationship between perfectionism and stress in female and male coaches (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between perfectionism and burnout in female and male coaches (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between stress and burnout in male and female coaches (P<0.05). There was no difference between male and female coaches in perfectionism and burnout while there was a significant difference between male and female coaches in stress.

Abstract In the past 10 years, the amount of research conducted on psychological aspects of sport injury has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to predict the burnout according to the self-determined motivation in Iranian elite handball players before and after the injury. The subjects were 28 injured elite handball players who did not participate in competitions for 4 weeks due to their injuries. Participants completed Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1999) and an athletic burnout questionnaire (Raedeke & Smith, 2001) at the beginning of the competitive season. Paired-sample t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression test were used to analyze the data (P<0.05). The results demonstrated a significant relationship between motivation and burnout. There was a significant negative relationship between intrinsic motivation (P<0.000, r= -0.870) and extrinsic motivation (P<0.000, r= -0.706) with burnout. Besides, there was a significant positive relationship between amotivation and burnout (P<0.0001, r=0.878). Moreover, multiple regression to predict burnout revealed a linear relationship between motivation subscales and burnout (motivation: R2 = 0.816, intrinsic, M: R2=0.757, extrinsic: M: R2=0.499, amotivation: R2=0771). Results revealed a relationship between motivation subscales and burnout after sport injuries, i. e. it is possible to predict the athletes’ burnout by the motivation subscales. Therefore, it is critical to pay attention to the role of important motivation subscales in the recovery period and to return to sport and it is useful to pay attention to the athletes’ behaviors and attitudes for their recovery and rehabilitation.