Kosar Esmaeili; Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah; Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah; Heather Hower
Abstract
Introduction: Falling is one of the serious issues of old age that occurs as a result of many factors. It is very important to pay attention to postural and functional indicators in examining and improving the quality of life of the elderly and preventing them from falling. The aim of this research was ...
Read More
Introduction: Falling is one of the serious issues of old age that occurs as a result of many factors. It is very important to pay attention to postural and functional indicators in examining and improving the quality of life of the elderly and preventing them from falling. The aim of this research was to compare static and dynamic balance, walking speed, spinal curvature and central stability of elderly people with and without a history of falling.Methods: 60 elderly women aged between 60 and 70 from Tabriz voluntarily participated in the research. the subjects were divided into two groups with and without a history of falling. The fall history of the volunteers was measured by the falls efficacy questionnaire. Static and dynamic balance were evaluated by Sharpand-Romberg and timed up and go tests, respectively. walking speed with 10-meter walk test, central stability with Mc Gill tests, and spinal curvature with flexible ruler were evaluated. Spss statistical software was used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the indicators of static balance, dynamic balance, curvature of the lumbar spine, walking speed and central stability in the elderly with and without a history of falling. However, there was no significant difference between the curvature index of the back spine in the elderly with and without a history of falling.Conclusion: it seems necessary to develop and improve the indicators of balance, walking speed and central stability in people with a history of falling.
sepide jalali; Hassan Mohammadzade; jalal Dehghanizade
Abstract
Introduction: Menopause is the beginning of a new era in a woman's life. This period, like all other stages of life, has positive and negative aspects. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on serum BDNF level, balance, and quality of life in menopausal and non-menopausal ...
Read More
Introduction: Menopause is the beginning of a new era in a woman's life. This period, like all other stages of life, has positive and negative aspects. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on serum BDNF level, balance, and quality of life in menopausal and non-menopausal women.Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design that included two experimental and two control groups. The sample consisted of 60 menopausal and non-menopausal women (age 45.77±1.77 years) who were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned into four groups of 15 people. Fasting blood was drawn from all the participants 48 hours before the start of training and after the end of the training period. Then both experimental groups performed Pilates exercises for 12 weeks, three sessions per week and each session lasted 60 minutes. Also, the participants similarly performed the Y dynamic balance test and completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire in pre-test and post-test.Results: The results of Mixed ANOVA showed a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test of menopausal and non-menopausal women in relevant variables, so it can be said that probably 91%, 76%, and 94% of the changes in serum BDNF levels, balance and quality of life of menopausal and non-menopausal women are influenced by Pilates exercises. However, no significant effect was observed in the relevant variables of control groups (P≤0.05).Conclusion: Pilates exercises can be an effective strategy to improve serum BDNF levels, balance, and quality of life in menopausal and non-menopausal women.
Sara Soori; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Rasoul Hemayat talab
Abstract
Introduction: In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating ...
Read More
Introduction: In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating motor and cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative patients.Methods: For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats including Healthy Control, Parkinson’s Control, and Parkinson’s Training. The animals in the training group were placed on a treadmill for four weeks. At the end of the course, motor disorders (balance and motor behavior) were evaluated using Rotarod and Open-Field tests, and biochemical factors were assessed by ELISA method. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of P<0.05, via SPSS version 19 software.Results: The results showed that although the Parkinson's group without training was significantly lower in terms of motor performance than the other groups (P<0.05), four weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training increased the balance (P<0.05), and improved the motor disorders in Parkinson's rats (P<0.05). Also, training significantly increased the amount of serotonin (P<0.05), and tyrosine hydroxylase (P<0.05).Conclusion: In general, the findings of this study showed that moderate-intensity aerobic training can reduce the biochemical and motor disorders induced by 6-hydroxydopamine injections in rats’ models of Parkinson's disease.
Niloufar Emamian; Ali Shafizadeh; Masoud Etemadifar
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system that affects the motor and sensory systems to control balance while standing and walking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of proprioceptive ...
Read More
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system that affects the motor and sensory systems to control balance while standing and walking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of proprioceptive training on balance, fatigue, and quality of life of women with MS.Methods: The statistical population of this research included 20- to 50-year-old women with MS and a total score of 1 to 4 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) that are members of the Isfahan MS Association. From this population, 30 volunteers were selected conveniently and assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants of both groups completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) tests before starting the training program. The experimental group performed 60-minute proprioceptive training for eight weeks and three sessions a week, and the control group performed their daily activities during this period. After 8 weeks of training, both experimental and control groups repeated the previous tests. The data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests at the significant level of 0.05.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in balance, fatigue, and quality of life of the experimental group in the post-test compared with the pre-test (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of the post-test results of the two experimental and control groups showed a significant difference in the balance and quality of life of MS patients (P<0.05).Conclusion: Overall, eight weeks of proprioceptive training improved the balance and quality of life of MS patients, but it was not effective in reducing their fatigue. Therefore, the use of proprioceptive training is recommended for the well-being of MS patients.
Fatemeh Mirakhori; Morteza Pourazar; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of motor practices using virtual reality practices on static balance of children with cerebral palsy.Twenty girls with cerebral palsy (ranged 7-12 years old) were selected by a convenience sampling method and were divided into the experimental ...
Read More
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of motor practices using virtual reality practices on static balance of children with cerebral palsy.Twenty girls with cerebral palsy (ranged 7-12 years old) were selected by a convenience sampling method and were divided into the experimental and control groups. The apparatus of the study was Xbox device. Sharpend Rumberg Test was used to assess the static balance scores. Experimental group performed their practice in the virtual environment during 4 weeks, 3 days per week, and 1 hour per day. Control group continued their common occupational therapy programs. MANCOVA and ANCOVA Tests were used at p
Shima Shahidi; Ali Shafizadeh; Behnam Ghasemi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of mirror training on balance in patients with subacute stroke. The statistical population included subacute stroke patients referring to Tabassom stroke rehabilitation clinic in Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 subacute patients ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of mirror training on balance in patients with subacute stroke. The statistical population included subacute stroke patients referring to Tabassom stroke rehabilitation clinic in Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 subacute patients with inclusion criteria who participated in the study with their consent and volunteering. The Samples were randomly divided into experimental and control of mirror training. Both groups participated in the pre-test and intermediate test, which was performed after four weeks and post-test of Berg Balance Scale after eight weeks. The training program of two groups was the same and included eight weeks, each week, two sessions, each session 90 minutes Consist 60 minutes of normal rehabilitation and 30 minutes of training with mirror in experimental group and without mirror in control group. Data were analyzed by mixed analysis variance (2 * 3) with SPSS23 software. The results showed that all three factors of balance (p = 0.001), group (p = 0.001) and balance and group interaction (p=0.008) had significant effect. Balance was significantly different in all three stages of pre, mid and post-tests (P=0.001). The interactive effect of balance and group in the two experimental and control groups was significantly different between the three stages test (P = 0.001). Overall, mirror training improved the balance of patients with subacute stroke. Therefore, it is recommended to using a mirror training in the subacute stroke patient.
Raziyeh Shakarami; Ahmad Nikravan; Fatemeh Rezaee
Abstract
The Effect of Sensory-Motor Integration Training With Help of Interested Parent on Balance in Autism Children AbstractThe pervasive development disorders is one of the most common cases is autism. This disorders include a group of psychological disorders in which social interaction skills and communication ...
Read More
The Effect of Sensory-Motor Integration Training With Help of Interested Parent on Balance in Autism Children AbstractThe pervasive development disorders is one of the most common cases is autism. This disorders include a group of psychological disorders in which social interaction skills and communication skills have been destroyed. With consider to high costs of treatment for autism, the use of alternative therapies suitable for autistic patients, especially children, and improving their quality of life is one of great importance. The aim of the present research is to determine the impact of course of sensory-motor integration training with help of interested parent to improve balance improvement of children suffering from autism. For this purpose, 24 autism children aged 6-10 years selected to this study and participated to sensory-motor training for 10 weeks. Participants asked to 2 stages of pre-test and post-test for balance skill. They were evaluated based on Laklak and Tandem Gait test. In order to analyze the effects of the research protocol, the analysis of variance with repeated measure and the scheffe post-hoc test was used at the significant level of P≤0.05. The results showed that sensory - motor integrity training significantly improved the static and dynamic balance skill and parent-centered approach have had higher benefits in improving dynamic balance with positive effects through manipulation of psychological features such as sense of belonging and solidarity, motivation and higher assurance.
Valiollah Kashani; Mansoureh Mokaberian; Behroz Gol Mohamadi; Mohammadreza Salmanzade
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determinate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. The final version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly was retranslated and developed based on the viewpoints of experts in elderly studies. 100 elderly men and women were ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to determinate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. The final version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly was retranslated and developed based on the viewpoints of experts in elderly studies. 100 elderly men and women were voluntarily selected from Hakim Elahi nursing home in Semnan city. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to examine factorial and construct validity and internal consistency respectively. Findings indicated good fit of the factor analysis model over the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. In addition, the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated the acceptable internal consistency of this tool. Proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the good fit of the factor analysis model.
Maryam Shoja; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Abdollah Ghasemi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of game-oriented exercises on motor development of overweight children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest. 50 overweight children aged between 8 and 10 with developmental coordination ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of game-oriented exercises on motor development of overweight children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest. 50 overweight children aged between 8 and 10 with developmental coordination disorder were selected and were randomly assigned to experimental (n=35) and control (n=15) groups after pretest. The experimental group participated in the protocol for 3 sessions per week during 3 months. MABC-2 test was used and SPSS 21 software was used for data analysis. The results of MANCOVA showed a difference between the experimental and control groups in at least one of the variables. Based on the results of one-way covariance analysis with a significance level of 0.05, there was a significant difference between the control and the intervention groups in motor development components and its subscales (hand speed, targeting and balance) and the experimental group got better scores. Therefore, it is recommended that the development of this disorder should be prevented in overweight individuals by designing different exercises and early intervention, and have a positive effect on their motor development.
Amir Dana; Zynalabedin Fallah; Jalil Moradi; Akbar Ghalavand
Abstract
Introduction and aims: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the factors associated with neuromuscular performance and cognitive function is reduced with increasing age. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and cognitive training on the dynamic balance, ...
Read More
Introduction and aims: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the factors associated with neuromuscular performance and cognitive function is reduced with increasing age. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and cognitive training on the dynamic balance, attention and serum BDNF levels in elderly men. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 60 healthy elderly men were selected through the purposeful sampling and were randomly divided into 4 groups including aerobic training, cognitive training, combinational training (cognitive aerobics) (cognitive training), and control. Training was performed during eight weeks at three sessions per week. T-test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05). Results: at the end of the period, a significant increase was observed in BDNF serum in the intervention group compared to the control group (P ≥0.001). Also, there was a significant increase in the ratio of the correct response on the target and non-target stimuli. In addition, a significant decrease was observed in commission errors and omission errors, and reaction time in intervention groups compared to control groups (P<0.05). It can be added that the significant improvement was observed in dynamic balance in aerobic and combination groups compared to the control (P<0.001) and cognitive training (P<0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive and aerobic training lead to improving the attention and balance performance in the elderly with increasing BDNF, and it is better to use a combination of physical and cognitive training for the elderly.
Shima Abdolrahman Chapari; Mohammad Vaez Mousavi; Ali Kashi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare instructor-based and parent-based interventions on motor development in 7 to 10 years old children with developmental coordination disorder. Participants consisted of 84 girls and boys from 8 elementary school at 4, 8 and 13 Tehran educational zones; they were ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to compare instructor-based and parent-based interventions on motor development in 7 to 10 years old children with developmental coordination disorder. Participants consisted of 84 girls and boys from 8 elementary school at 4, 8 and 13 Tehran educational zones; they were screened by developmental coordination disorder questionnaire, then randomly divided into three groups: instructor-based, parent-based, and control. Two experimental groups carried out skills training for 12 weeks consisting, 36 sessions, each session 45 minutes. All participants were assessed before and after interventions with Movement Assessment Battery for Children; Second Edition. The result of MANCOVA and ANCOVA tests showed that both experimental groups significantly in the total score of motor development (p≤0.05) and its components (manual dexterity, balance, aiming and catching) had higher score than the control group (p≤0.017), and of course Instructor-based group in the aiming and catching subscale had better performance than parent-based group (p≤0.05), that demonstrates positive impact of group environments. In summary, although both interventions help to improve motor development in children with developmental coordination disorder, instructor based intervention is more beneficial in some of the components of motor development.
Mansoure Mokaberyan; Somayeh NamdarTajari
Abstract
Aim: One of the issues that have been considered more than before is the issue of aging. An aging is a period that is accompanied by gradual, progressive and spontaneous erosion changes in most physiological devices and functions of the body. One of the widespread problems that occur in the aging process ...
Read More
Aim: One of the issues that have been considered more than before is the issue of aging. An aging is a period that is accompanied by gradual, progressive and spontaneous erosion changes in most physiological devices and functions of the body. One of the widespread problems that occur in the aging process is the loss of balance, increased fluctuations and the risk of falling. Falling down is one of the most common and most serious problems are aging. For this reason, today, many researchers have drawn attention to the various ways in which elderly people develop their balance. Recently, some researchers have found that the use of cognitive strategies such as self-talk can improve the performance of motor tasks. Self-talk, essentially has two main instructional and motivational functions. Motivational self-talk through increased self-confidence and instructional self-talk by enhancing focus on techniques improve their sports performance and learning skills. On the one hand, it is important to increase the effectiveness of the instructions in order to focus on the focus. Wolfe's researches (1998-1992), given the constrained action hypothesis in most sports skills as well as balance skills, suggest that the use of external attention in comparison with internal attention during the skill leads to better performance and learning. Several studies have been conducted on motivational and instructional self-talk about different athletic skills and different skill levels that have led to a variety of outcomes, but few studies have considered the scope of balance. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of attentional focus types as the self-talk form on static and dynamic balance in elderly women using instructional self-talk focus strategy. Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test. The experimental group included instructional self-talk with internal focus and instructional self-talk with external attention as well as a control group. The population of the study consisted of all elderly women living in the nursing home in Qazvin who 45 people (66.75 ± 5.65 years) were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria included Lack of movement restrictions, non-fracture in the lower extremities in the past year and the lack of use of neurological drugs. After the pre-test they were randomly assigned to groups. The control group without self-talk, self-talk group with internal focus and self-talk group with external focus practice their balance skills during the five sessions. At the end of the fifth session, the post- test was conducted using static balance (stork) and dynamic balance (timed up and go) tests. In the stork test, the subject must stand on top of his leg, lift the other leg and stick to the knee of the leg, and simultaneously place his hands on the iliac crest of the pelvis. The time that a person could stand open with his eyes was considered as an indicator of his static balance ability. Each subject performed the test three times and the highest time was recorded. The errors that caused the test to be stopped include lifting the hands from iliac crest of the pelvis, detaching the leg from the knee of the foot and any movement on the foot of the reliance.Each subject performed a three-time test of timed up and go, and his best time was recorded. Since the subject was announcing his stand, the timer began to work, and the timer stopped when it hit the subject back with chair. The self-talk group with the instruction of focus of the internal attention, repeated the words "knee and foot" before each loud performance, which meant "bending slightly knees and maintaining the balance on the foot", and the external attention group referred to the term "target and wall" Which meant "looking at the target mounted on the wall.Results: One-way ANOVA, mixed ANOVA and repeated measure ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. The significance level was considered 0.05. The results showed that both self-talk groups performed significantly better than the control group in static balance.Conclusion: However Self-talk interferences with both types of attentional focus; it was not a significant difference in the dynamic balance of elderly people (P≥0.05). Taking the results into consideration it can be concluded that, self-talk with internal and external focus instructions can be considered as a cognitive strategy to improve the static balance of elderly people.
Mahboubeh Ghayour; Mahmood Sheikh; Rasool Hemayattalab; Amirhossein Mmemari
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected spark exercises on balance and coordination in autistic children. This study was semi-experimental. 12 autistic children (mean age 5-12 years) participated in this study. The subjects performed the intervention for 3 months based ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected spark exercises on balance and coordination in autistic children. This study was semi-experimental. 12 autistic children (mean age 5-12 years) participated in this study. The subjects performed the intervention for 3 months based on selected spark exercises. The participants were evaluated in 3 stages (baseline, pretest and posttest) by Bruininks-Oseretsky test in terms of motor skills. Friedman test was used to analyze repeated measures of nonparametric data. The results showed that selected spark exercises significantly improved dynamic balance (P<0.001) and bilateral coordination (P<0.001). It can be generally stated that these selected spark exercises have a positive effect on the improvement of motor deficiencies in autistic children.
Hanieh Mohammadi; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni; Jamal Fazel Kalkhoran
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of contextual interference on balance of mentally retarded people. For this purpose, 40 educable and mentally retarded boys in Qazvin city (mean age 24.45 ± 3.120) were randomly divided into two groups: blocked and random practice. After ...
Read More
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of contextual interference on balance of mentally retarded people. For this purpose, 40 educable and mentally retarded boys in Qazvin city (mean age 24.45 ± 3.120) were randomly divided into two groups: blocked and random practice. After the pretest, given their practice arrangement, subjects in each group performed their workout for 4 weeks (3 sessions per week) as the acquisition phase. Acquisition test was conducted in the last session, and then retention and transfer tests were performed after 48 hours. After Kolmogorov-Smirnov test verified normal data distribution and Leven test examined the homogeneity of variances, analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the intervention was effective and the groups significantly improved (P=0.0005). The results of the independent t test (to compare two groups in static balance) showed that random practice group performed better in retention test (P=0.007) whereas no significant differences were observed between the groups in transfer test (P=0.061). In addition, dynamic balance results showed that random practice group performed better than the blocked practice group and it had a significant difference in retention and transfer tests (respectively P=0.001, P=0.002). So, mentally retarded people can use the beneficial effects of random practice.
Ahmad Ghotbi-Varzaneh; Mehdi Zarghami; Alireza Bahrami
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity ofbalance performance clinical tests for hearing impaired persons with moderatehearing level. In this descriptive-survey study with repeated measures, 220 hearingimpaired subjects with normal intelligence and moderate hearing level ...
Read More
The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity ofbalance performance clinical tests for hearing impaired persons with moderatehearing level. In this descriptive-survey study with repeated measures, 220 hearingimpaired subjects with normal intelligence and moderate hearing level wereselected as the statistical sample from all deaf and hearing impaired subjects whohad participated in national competitions in Arak city. The scale (3) of CattellCulture Fair Intelligence Test and motor performance clinical tests were used tocollect the data. After checking the date normality, data were analyzed with intraclassand interclass correlation coefficients and factor analysis tests. The resultsrevealed that finger-to-noise test with dominant hand (ICC=0.79), and with nondominanthand (ICC=0.81), time-up and go test (ICC=0.76), and tandem gait test(ICC=0.87) were reliable. But, the dominant and non-dominant single leg stancetests with open and closed eyes were not reliable (ICC<0.75). The validity ofbalance performance clinical tests was confirmed with factor analysis test. Overall,the finger-to-noise with dominant and non-dominant hand, the time-up and go, andthe tandem gait tests were the most stable tests to assess balance and coordinationof hearing impaired participants.
Hesam Iranmanesh; Elahe Arab Ameri; Ahmad Farrokhi; Hamideh Iranmanesh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three types of balancetraining: single task, dual task under fixed priority instructional set (Fp) and dualtask under a variable priority instructional set (Vp) on the balance of the elderly.The participants were 36 elderly over 65 years old from Kerman ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three types of balancetraining: single task, dual task under fixed priority instructional set (Fp) and dualtask under a variable priority instructional set (Vp) on the balance of the elderly.The participants were 36 elderly over 65 years old from Kerman province whowere randomly divided into three groups (each 12 subjects) based on Burg pretestscores. The groups included single task, dual task under fixed priority and dualtask under variable priority. Experimental groups received 45 minutes of trainingsession, 3 sessions a week for 4 weeks. For data analysis, ANCOVA andBonferroni post hoc test were used at (P≤0.05). The results showed that asignificant difference between single task and dual task under fixed priority groupsand also between single task and dual task under variable priority (P=0.008 andP=0.000 respectively). There was no significant difference between dual task underfixed priority and variable priority groups (P=0.149). In addition, the results inTug test under dual task condition showed a significant difference between singletask and dual task under fixed priority groups and also between single task anddual task under variable priority groups and also between dual task under fixedand variable priority groups (P=0.035, P=0.033, P=0.000 respectively). Theresults showed that single and dual task balance training improved balanceperformance in the elderly but those who had training under dual taskoutperformed under single and dual task conditions.
Majid Akbari Yazdi; Mehdi Sohrabi; Amir Moghadam
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
Attention is one of the effective factors when learning and performing motor skills. Focus of attention is a method to increase the efficiency and learning. Previous studies have shown that focus of attention plays an important role in learning and performing motor skills. The purpose of the present ...
Read More
Attention is one of the effective factors when learning and performing motor skills. Focus of attention is a method to increase the efficiency and learning. Previous studies have shown that focus of attention plays an important role in learning and performing motor skills. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of the instruction of far and near external focus of attention on dynamic balance task performance. In this study, sixty male undergraduate students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, who had taken the general physical education course in the second semester of 1388-89, were assigned randomly in three groups: far external attention group (attention to those signs far from the feet), near external attention group (attention to those signs near the feet) and control group (no attentional instruction). The stabilometer (Biodex) was used to collect the data. Each participant performed three 20-second trials in dynamic balance test. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics such as one-way ANOVA and Duncan post hoc test. The results showed that far external attention group performed significantly better than control group while near external attention group did not reveal any significant difference compared to the control group.
