mahtab arabi; Abdollah Ghasemi; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare observational models in learning motor task of receiving a volleyball ball and motor-cognitive task of juggling with 3 balls. The participants were 80 female students aged between 19 and 25. 40 subjects participated in each task. Participants were divided into ...
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The aim of this study was to compare observational models in learning motor task of receiving a volleyball ball and motor-cognitive task of juggling with 3 balls. The participants were 80 female students aged between 19 and 25. 40 subjects participated in each task. Participants were divided into 4 groups: novice model observation, expert, mixed and physical practice. All observational groups watched their own model via video tapes. In this study, some acquisition phases, retention and transfer tests were carried out in all two tasks. In acquisition phase, data were analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measures and in retention and transfer tests one-way ANOVA test and proper post hoc tests were used (P<0.05). In the acquisition phase, observation of expert-novice model in the motor task was better than the other groups but this predominance was not significant. But in the retention and transfer tests, observation of this model had a significant predominance. In the cognitive-motor task, the observation of novice model was better than the other groups during the acquisition phase, retention and transfer tests but this predominance was not significant in the transfer test. Finally,based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that various modeling methods should be used to learn different tasks.
Farnaz Torabi; Mahmood Sheikh; Alimohammad Safaniya
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 23-42
Abstract
The aim of this study was to survey the effect of arousal by the presence of audience and music and their comparison on learning and performance of basketball dribbling. Subjects were 36 healthy and non-athlete girls (mean and SD of age 21.8±2.23 years, height 163.4±6.19cm and weight 57.5±10.13kg) ...
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The aim of this study was to survey the effect of arousal by the presence of audience and music and their comparison on learning and performance of basketball dribbling. Subjects were 36 healthy and non-athlete girls (mean and SD of age 21.8±2.23 years, height 163.4±6.19cm and weight 57.5±10.13kg) were divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n = 12) and control (n = 12) randomly. Training protocol in the acquisition stage included basketball dribbling of Harrison test for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 30 seconds per session with the presence of motivational factors in separate groups. Score of dribbling test was record per session, then posttest was carried out and finally after two weeks of detraining, retention test was performed in the same condition and transfer test like the real condition of competitions (with the presence of music and audience) was performed 24 hours later. Rest heart rate index was used to maintain the subjects in the same level of arousal. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA test, ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Results showed that all groups improved their skill learning in the acquisition stage. Also, there was a significant difference in basketball dribbling scores among the groups in the acquisition stage (p=0.0001) and this difference was higher in the control group (i.e. audience and music groups had weaker performance in the posttest of acquisition stage). But in retention and transfer tests, music and audience groups were at an advantage; audience group achieved the highest scores in retention test and music and audience groups gained higher significant scores than control group in transfer test (p=0.0001).
Kavos Salehi; Davoud Homanian; Mehdi Zarghami; Ishmael Saemi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the effect of sequential stimuli technique on acquisition, retention and transfer of ocular motor sequence. First sequential stimuli, time record, response error software was designed. 60 right-handed novices (15-18 years) were divided into five groups (blocked – explicit, ...
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This research aimed to examine the effect of sequential stimuli technique on acquisition, retention and transfer of ocular motor sequence. First sequential stimuli, time record, response error software was designed. 60 right-handed novices (15-18 years) were divided into five groups (blocked – explicit, blocked – implicit, random – explicit, random-implicit and control). All groups performed a pretest and then (except control group) participated in five training sessions and in each session performed three blocks of ten trials with blocked and random methods. In explicit groups, participants were aware of the aim of task but in implicit groups, they were unaware. During the acquisition phase, control group were only in lab environment and the day after the acquisition, participants took part in retention and transfer tests. The data were analyzed using student-t, repeated measures and two-way analysis of variance tests. The finding showed that the subjects significantly improved in accuracy and time of response in the acquisition phase (P>0.05); but there was no significant different among groups. However, implicit learning groups progressed as much as the explicit learning groups; this finding explained the effectiveness of implicit knowledge in motor skills learning. The retention test showed that random practice was better than blocked practice in movement accuracy but the type of practice did not affect the retention of sequential reaction time. In transfer test, all groups showed transfer to the new sequence only in accuracy but not response time. However, findings showed blocked practice led to sensorimotor integration and timing, whereas random practice led to better stimulus-response association. Overall findings of this research supported this idea that learning that occurs in the context of interference can show retention and transfer to another task.
Neda Shahrzad; Abbas Bahram; Mohsen Shafizade; Marjan Safari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 115-133
Abstract
The Purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of variability of practice and age on retention and transfer of the over-arm throwing accuracy in children. Khalajy and Shafizadeh’s (1383) test of over-arm throwing accuracy was adjusted and used in this study. 48 right-handed female children ...
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The Purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of variability of practice and age on retention and transfer of the over-arm throwing accuracy in children. Khalajy and Shafizadeh’s (1383) test of over-arm throwing accuracy was adjusted and used in this study. 48 right-handed female children (16 children in each age group of 4, 5 and 6 years old) were selected voluntarily. Each age group was divided into the variable and constant practice groups according to their pretest scores. The variable group practiced with different target sizes whereas constant group practiced only with one target size. Acquisition phase lasted 3 days; each day included 4 blocks of 6 trials with their right hand. The collected data from acquisition phase, retention test, and immediate and delayed transfer tests were analyzed by mixed factorial ANOVA and Tukey follow-up test. The results showed no significant difference between constant and variable groups in retention test (P>0.05). But in immediate and delayed transfer tests, variable group outperformed constant group (P
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ali Moradi; Mohammad Reza Boroumand; Ruqiya Fakhrpour
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 5-22
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare block, random and randomized block training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serves. For this purpose, 34 students of Shomal university were selected randomly and after primary rules of volleyball were explained and instructed and pretest ...
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The purpose of this research was to compare block, random and randomized block training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serves. For this purpose, 34 students of Shomal university were selected randomly and after primary rules of volleyball were explained and instructed and pretest was performed, they were divided into 3 groups (block, random and randomized block training). The subjects participated in 15 practice sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions each week). After the training sessions, posttests including acquisition test (exactly at the end of the last session), retention and transfer tests (after one week) were performed. Kolmogorov – Smirnov (K-S) test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the acquisition stage, the block group significantly had better performance than the others. But in the retention test, there was no significant difference among groups. Meanwhile, the randomized-block group had significantly better performance in the transfer test.
Farnaz Torabi; Mahmud Sheikh; Elahe Arabameri; Rasoul Hemattalab; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 65-82
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. Subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. Subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n=12) and control (n=12). Protocol of acquisition phase included basketball free throw for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 15 trails each session with the presence of motivational factors in separate groups. Score of free throw test was recorded per session. Then, posttest was carried out and finally after 2 weeks of detraining, retention test was performed in the same condition for all groups. Transfer test in a new condition (different from training condition) was performed 24 hours later. Heart rate index was used to asses the level of arousal of subjects at rest and during training. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA test, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Results showed that all groups improved in the acquisition phase and there was no significant difference in free throw scores among the three groups in the acquisition test (P=0.145). But in the retention test, music group achieved highest scores and in transfer test, music and audience groups were significantly higher than the control group (P=0.000).