Hamid Salehi; Mahboubeh Mehrvarz; Mehdi Rafaei
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the reduction of errors during practice facilitates implicit motor learning processes in children. 30 children (meanage =11.33±1.32 yr) threw beanbags with a near-to-far or a far-to-near order, while their vision was occluded. The near-to-far group ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to determine if the reduction of errors during practice facilitates implicit motor learning processes in children. 30 children (meanage =11.33±1.32 yr) threw beanbags with a near-to-far or a far-to-near order, while their vision was occluded. The near-to-far group began the acquisition phase at a distance of 2 m from the target. Then, they practiced the task at a distance of 3 m, 4 m and finally 5 m from the target. Far-to-near group began the practice phase at the distance of 5 m and then moved to 4 m, 3 m and 2 m respectively. Delayed single-task and dual-task tests were administered at a distance of 3.50 m from the target. During the acquisition phase, the ratio of errors made by the near-to-far (errorless) group was found to be significantly less than the far-to-near (errorful) group. No significant intergroup difference was found in the single-task test. The results also revealed that the errorless group performed the task with less errors than the errorful group in the dual-task condition. It was generally concluded that less errors during practicing a motor skill can facilitate the use of implicit motor learning processes in children.
Hamide Jahanbakhsh; Parvane Shafienaya; Seyede Nahid Shetab Booshehri
Abstract
Normative feedback is a kind of feedback which involves information about an individual's performance in comparison with other peers unrealistically (positive or negative). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of normative feedback on throwing aiming task learning in children aged ...
Read More
Normative feedback is a kind of feedback which involves information about an individual's performance in comparison with other peers unrealistically (positive or negative). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of normative feedback on throwing aiming task learning in children aged between 9 and 11 in Ahvaz city. For this purpose, 90 right-handed children were selected with convenience method as the statistical sample and were divided into three groups (each group 30 subjects) of positive normative feedback, negative normative feedback and control based on their age, height, weight, hand length, arm length and pretest scores. Acquisition phase included 6 blocks of 10 trials. In this phase, all groups received real feedback after each trial and positive and negative normative groups received normative feedback after each block in addition to real feedback. The transfer and retention tests were carried out immediately and after (delayed) the acquisition phase respectively. After checking the data normality and homogeneity of variances, data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni post hoc test (P≤0.05). There were significant differences in all three phases among the three groups and positive normative feedback group showed better performance (P=0.001). The findings showed that positive normative feedback had a facilitating effect on motor learning.
