Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning

Abstract Introduction: External attentional focus has been shown to enhance motor performance compared to internal attentional focus. Recently, studies have suggested that this effect may depend on the type of task-relevant instructions provided. The present study aimed to compare the effects of task-relevant attentional focus instructions on dart-throwing skill performance.
Methods: This study employed a pretest, retention, and transfer test design. A total of 114 male high school students were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 38 each): external focus, form/technique external focus, and form/technique internal focus. On the first day, all participants completed 27 practice throws followed by a pretest. Over three training sessions (108 throws per session), the participants practiced under their assigned attentional focus instructions. Retention and transfer tests were conducted 24 hours after the final session. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc test.
Results: The results indicated significant differences across the pretest, retention, and transfer phases in all three groups. In the form/technique external focus group, a significant improvement was observed from the pretest to the retention test, but not from the pretest to the transfer test. When comparing transfer scores among the three groups, the form/technique internal focus group outperformed both other groups (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings, form/technique instructions with an internal attentional focus may be beneficial for improving motor skill performance; however, confirming these results requires further research.

Abstract Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities
Abstract
The aim of the researches to Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities.The aim of the researches to Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities. Statistics of current study include all students referring to Centers of Learning Disorder in Shiraz during the 2014 academic year. Subjects consisted of 30 students with learning disability volunteered to participate in this study. Screening Test of Dyslexia Diagnosis Shafii & et al was administered as the pretest and posttest for the students with learning disability. The students received 14 sessions of training for motor therapy. The research questions are analyzed through variance of repeated measurements. The results show that motor therapy lead to improvements in reading problems of students with learning disabilities.Keywords: Motor Therapy, Reading Problems, Learning Disabilities

Abstract Coordination, body and limb designs are related to the environmental objects and events. The aim of this study was to investigate the necessity to implement rope jumping program in Iran schools and since one of the major problems in learning how to write is eye–hand coordination, the effect of a rope jumping training course on eye–hand coordination was investigated in the fourth grade elementary students. In this case, 60 male students from fourth grade of elementary schools in Baharestan city of Tehran (in 1390-91) were selected by stage sampling method and were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group performed the selected rope jumping program three sessions a week for 10 weeks. To evaluate the eye–hand coordination skill, the Vienna test was used in pretest and posttest. After the normality of data was tested by K-S test, they were analyzed using independent and dependent t tests at P˂0.05. Results indicated significant improvements in the experimental group (P=0.44 for the right hand and P=0.009 for the left hand). Also, there was a significant difference in the posttest mean scores of eye–hand coordination between the experimental and control groups (P=0.0009). The results showed that the rope jumping exercise program enhanced eye-hand coordination. So this research necessitated the implementation of the rope jumping program in Iran schools.