Neda Shahrzad; Abbas Bahram; Mohsen Shafizade; Marjan Safari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 115-133
Abstract
The Purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of variability of practice and age on retention and transfer of the over-arm throwing accuracy in children. Khalajy and Shafizadeh’s (1383) test of over-arm throwing accuracy was adjusted and used in this study. 48 right-handed female children ...
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The Purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of variability of practice and age on retention and transfer of the over-arm throwing accuracy in children. Khalajy and Shafizadeh’s (1383) test of over-arm throwing accuracy was adjusted and used in this study. 48 right-handed female children (16 children in each age group of 4, 5 and 6 years old) were selected voluntarily. Each age group was divided into the variable and constant practice groups according to their pretest scores. The variable group practiced with different target sizes whereas constant group practiced only with one target size. Acquisition phase lasted 3 days; each day included 4 blocks of 6 trials with their right hand. The collected data from acquisition phase, retention test, and immediate and delayed transfer tests were analyzed by mixed factorial ANOVA and Tukey follow-up test. The results showed no significant difference between constant and variable groups in retention test (P>0.05). But in immediate and delayed transfer tests, variable group outperformed constant group (P
Amin Sadeghi; Mohamad.Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Masomeh Shojaee; Arezo Adeli far
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 23-36
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-control, frequent and reduced feedback of KR on children's learning skill of throw targeting in Aleshtar city. For this purpose, 60 subjects were selected and assigned through step-by-step random method to three groups of self-control, frequent, ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-control, frequent and reduced feedback of KR on children's learning skill of throw targeting in Aleshtar city. For this purpose, 60 subjects were selected and assigned through step-by-step random method to three groups of self-control, frequent, and reduced. They performed the task of targeting through throwing in two steps of acquisition and retention with a delayed interval of 24 hours. The self-control group was divided into two groups of high (more than 30%) and low frequency (lower than 18%) after the acquisition phase. In both phases of acquisition and retention, inferential and descriptive statistics were used. In descriptive statistics, central indexes and dispersion of variables, in inferential statistics in acquisition phase, analysis of variance (series of practical efforts) 6 × 4 (how to present feedback) and in retention phase, one-variable analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test as well as SPSS 11.5 software were used (P?0.05). The results indicated no significant difference among these groups in acquisition phase. In retention phase, frequent group had better performance than other groups. The comparison between coach-oriented and subject-oriented practice methods shows that frequent coach- oriented practice method leads to better results for children.