Valiollah Kashani; Mansoreh Azari; Ahmad Nikravan
Abstract
The special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). ...
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The special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). The population studied here included all male and female shooters from the city of Semnan. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 shooters, consisting of two groups of women with the mean age of M= 21.33 and two groups of men with the mean age of M= 23.44, who performed shooting with air gun at five distances (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 meters) from the target. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables, and figures) as well as inferential statistics (regression and one-way analysis of variance). Simple linear regression with the significance level P
Mohammad Ali Besharat; Amir Hossein Afshari; Meysam Shahhosseini
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare competitive anxiety and perceived overtraining in athletes with and without anabolic steroids consumption. The statistical population included all athletes of team and individual sport fields in Tehran city in 2016. 251 male athletes with and without anabolic ...
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The aim of the present study was to compare competitive anxiety and perceived overtraining in athletes with and without anabolic steroids consumption. The statistical population included all athletes of team and individual sport fields in Tehran city in 2016. 251 male athletes with and without anabolic steroids consumption were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Athletes had mean age (24 ± 6) years and exercise history (3 ± 1) years. Data were collected using competitive anxiety and perceived overtraining questionnaires. The findings were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and independent t test and showed that athletes without the consumption of anabolic steroids had higher cognitive and physical anxiety than those athletes who consumed anabolic steroids, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in self-confidence. Also, given the perceived overtraining variable, the group who did not use anabolic steroids had a higher level of overtraining. The results indicated that one of the main reasons why athletes use anabolic steroids is their benefits which reduce the negative states and improve the mental and physical performance. That is why these steroids prevail among athletes every day.
Amir Hossein Mehrsafar; Mohammad Khabiri; Ali Moghadamzadeh
Abstract
The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) is the most widely used instrument to measure competitive anxiety in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the factorial validity and reliability of Persian version of Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 regarding intensity, direction, ...
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The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) is the most widely used instrument to measure competitive anxiety in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the factorial validity and reliability of Persian version of Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 regarding intensity, direction, and frequency dimensions. The original form included 27 questions and 3 subscales including somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence. 356 questionnaires were completed by 16-34-year-old athletes who took part in different sport fields. Five competing models were used to estimate construct validity of the inventory. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to contrast the proposed models. The inventory reliability was calculated using the internal consistency method. To examine temporal reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient was applied using test–retest method. The results showed that the Persian version of the inventory supported the 16-item 3-factor model in intensity, direction, and frequency dimensions; thus, validity and reliability of the inventory were confirmed. In conclusion, Persian version of Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with 16 items is recommended to measure athletes' state competitive anxiety.
Mohammadali Besharat; Davood Homanian; mohammadhossein Ghahramani; Behnam Naghi Poor Givi
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 5-27
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to examine the mediation effect of sport self-efficacy on the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and competitive anxiety in a sample of Iranian athletes. 233 volunteer athletes (145 boys, 88 girls) from different sport fields participated in this study. ...
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The main aim of the present study was to examine the mediation effect of sport self-efficacy on the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and competitive anxiety in a sample of Iranian athletes. 233 volunteer athletes (145 boys, 88 girls) from different sport fields participated in this study. All participants were required to complete the Competitive Perfectionism Scale (CPS), the Multidimensional Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire (MCAQ) and the Sport Self – Efficacy Scale (SSES). The results revealed that striving for perfection (positive perfectionism) was negatively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety, and positively associated with self – confidence. The results also revealed that negative reaction to imperfection (negative perfectionism) was positively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety, and negatively associated with self – confidence. Analysis of the data revealed that sport self – efficacy mediated the relationship between positive and negative dimensions of perfectionism and competitive anxiety.
Akbar Jamshidi; Elahe Arab Ameri; Narjes Alizadeh; Afshin Salmaniyan
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport orientation and competitive anxiety in male and female athletes of team and individual sports who participated in 10th student sport Olympiad (1389). The present study was descriptive and correlation method was used. For this purpose, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport orientation and competitive anxiety in male and female athletes of team and individual sports who participated in 10th student sport Olympiad (1389). The present study was descriptive and correlation method was used. For this purpose, 688 subjects (337 females and 351 males) were selected as the sample by simple random sampling method. All subjects in the sport camp filled out Gill sport orientation and a few hours before the competition, they filled out Martin’s competitive anxiety questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t test. The results showed that sport orientation could predict competitive anxiety. In fact, when competitiveness and goal orientation increased, competitive anxiety reduced while when win orientation increased, competitive anxiety increased as well. Female athletes were more anxious than males (P=0.001). Those subjects who were a member of individual sports had more competitive anxiety than team sports (P=0.004). Male athletes were more competitive and win oriented than female athletes while female athletes were more goal oriented than male athletes (P=0.002). However, there was no significant difference in sport orientation between team and individual sports (P>0.05).
