Zahra Mollakarimi; Ahmadreza Movahedi; Sayyed Mohammad Marandi; Fatemeh Bahrami
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Swiss ball training on the improvement of sensorimotor function in three boys with autism. In the present study, a single-subject method was used. Three autistic participants were required to exercise with Swiss ball for 9 weeks. ...
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The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Swiss ball training on the improvement of sensorimotor function in three boys with autism. In the present study, a single-subject method was used. Three autistic participants were required to exercise with Swiss ball for 9 weeks. Changes in the scores of the sensorimotor function subtest were measured by NEPSY neuropsychological test during the intervention and two weeks after the intervention in one-week intervals. The subjects took the test again after two months. The results showed that the intervention considerably improved sensorimotor function of the three participants (PND=100% for the first participant and 77.78% for the second and the third participants). This reduction was found to be maintained two weeks after the intervention. These findings showed that Swiss ball training considerably improved sensorimotor function in boys with autism.
Fatemeh Mirakhori; Elahe Arabameri; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Rasool Hemayattalab
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children.Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional ...
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children.Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups (internal, external, control). Participants in the internal focus group were asked to focus their attention on the movements of their hand, whereas participants in the external focus group were asked to focus their attention to the movement path and target. Control group participants received no focus instructions. Acquisition phase lasted five consecutive days. The instrument used for measuring spatial memory was linear movement apparatus (LM-01 model). Analysis of Covariance and Bonferoni tests were used at p
Maryam Khalaji; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral and central fatigues on depth perception error in students. The statistical population consisted of students in Khodabande city. 42 subjects (mean age of 16.88 ± 0.49 years) were selected by convenience sampling method. All subjects took ...
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral and central fatigues on depth perception error in students. The statistical population consisted of students in Khodabande city. 42 subjects (mean age of 16.88 ± 0.49 years) were selected by convenience sampling method. All subjects took depth perception pretest. Then, they were divided into the intervention and control groups. To produce peripheral fatigue (physical), the first group received physical fitness activity and the second group received mental activity to produce central (mental) fatigue. The third group did not perform any activity during the intervention period. The depth perception posttest was performed after the fatigue intervention. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed no significant differences in the pretest among the groups, but there was a significant difference in the posttest among the groups. LSD post hoc test results showed that central fatigue increased depth perception error in comparison with peripheral fatigue and no intervention (control group). But no significant differences were observed in depth perception error between peripheral fatigue and control groups. Paired t test results showed an increase in depth perception errors resulted from both types of fatigue and the lack of change in the control group. Overall, it can be concluded that central fatigue had an effective role in increasing students' depth perception error when compared to peripheral error. Therefore, coaches are advised to adopt appropriate conditions that reduce central fatigue.
Faranak Poorhosseini; Mehdi Shahbazi; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the emergence of special skill in basketball free throw at different skill levels based on Newell's model of learning stages. Participants were assigned to three skill groups (n=10): coordination group, coordination control group, and optimization group. They ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the emergence of special skill in basketball free throw at different skill levels based on Newell's model of learning stages. Participants were assigned to three skill groups (n=10): coordination group, coordination control group, and optimization group. They threw 350 fixed shots from 7 parametric points (2.74, 3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18, 5.79, 6.4), carrying out 50 shots in each point. Regression analysis showed that the accuracy of those who were in the third stage of Newell's model in 4.57 m point, which is the same line of penalty, was significantly higher than the anticipated regression equation and supported the emergence of special skill (P>0.05), but the rest of the points did not follow the principles of force variability and performance accuracy decreased by increasing distance parameter. Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that the rest of the points had no contribution to the emergence of special skill and this conclusion may be the reason for rejecting generalized theory in the creation of special skill.
Fereshteh Amouzadeh; Hadi Moradi; Hassan Gharayagh zandi; Reza Rostami; Ali Moghadamzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general and sports population. The prime objective of the current study was to compare the impact of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.Methods: In this ...
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Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general and sports population. The prime objective of the current study was to compare the impact of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.Methods: In this study, among the 79 children diagnosed with ADHD, 45 students were randomly selected and divided into three 15-person Sham, control, and experimental groups. All subjects in the Sham and experimental groups received ten sessions of two different types of anodal and sham stimulations over the F3 area and cathode excitation over the Supraorbital (SO) area with 1 mA current for 15 minutes. After ten sessions, each group was re-examined. After 40 days, a follow-up test was performed according to the post-test using the Continuous Performance Test, Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance, and Paired Sample t-test was used to test statistical hypotheses (p≤0.05).Results: The results revealed that applying tDCS is effective in improving the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that the protocol of applying 1 mA tDCS can improve the visual sustained attention of ADHD student-athletes.
Mohammadali Esmaeilzadeh; Mehdi Shahbazi; Ali Akbar Jaberimoghaddam; Shahzad Tahmasebi; Elham Shirzad
Abstract
Behavioral studies in team sports are typically constrained by dynamic factors, such as positioning of defenders for interception. Handball player have to coordinate their steps when running to throw a ball on goal from a different positions. In this study were analyzed the movement patterns during locomotors ...
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Behavioral studies in team sports are typically constrained by dynamic factors, such as positioning of defenders for interception. Handball player have to coordinate their steps when running to throw a ball on goal from a different positions. In this study were analyzed the movement patterns during locomotors pointing, throwing velocity and accuracy of 12 succesful elite handball players under defensive constraints (defender- absent, defender-far, defender-near, or defender pairing). It was captured data from the locomotors patterns of the attacking participant by speed camera with 120Hz, throwing speed by sports radar gun and throwing accuracy by camera. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test and Friedman test was used to analyze effects of these constraints on gait and throwing parameters. In addition to Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to analyze speed-accuracy trade off (P<0.05). The results revealed significant differences in overall mean movement velocity, first and second step mean velocity, first and second step mean length. For the mean foot/gate area distance variability was shown pattern of ascending/descending variability in all defense conditions. Since regulation of offensive players was continuous and based on perception of current and required behaviors, results supported from perception-action coupling and prospective control models of locomotors pointing. Also it is suggested that the technical aspects of the running and throwing in handball can affect by nested tasks constraints.
Fatemeh Bahrami; Ahmadreza Movahedi; Afeifeh Silani
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis of the specificity of practice regarding training place (to determine whether learning a sport skill was specific to the training place). Participants were 30 adolescent female students (mean age 11.50±1.50 years) who performed 10 sessions of ...
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The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis of the specificity of practice regarding training place (to determine whether learning a sport skill was specific to the training place). Participants were 30 adolescent female students (mean age 11.50±1.50 years) who performed 10 sessions of learning perceptive-motor skill of Kata in Karate. After they finished Kata sessions, retention test was performed in the training place and transfer test in a different place and Kata scores were measured. To analyze the data, independent t test was used. Results showed that the subjects achieved their peak performance in the training place while their performance deteriorated significantly in the different place. It seems that the performance of the task was related to the place of training. The findings of this study provided evidence to support the specificity of practice hypothesis.
Shahzad Tahmasbi; Ahmad Farokhi; Naser Naghdi; Fazlolah Bagherzade; Anoushirvan Kazemnejad; Mehdi Shahbazi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2009, , Pages 21-46
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two regimes during rats' gestation and lactation on learning, memory and motor function of their offspring. For this purpose, female rats (Albino-Wistar) were obtained from Pasteur Institute, Iran. After mating, 12 pregnant rats were divided into ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two regimes during rats' gestation and lactation on learning, memory and motor function of their offspring. For this purpose, female rats (Albino-Wistar) were obtained from Pasteur Institute, Iran. After mating, 12 pregnant rats were divided into three groups and they had their special regimes during their last week of pregnancy as well as their lactation. Control group used a standard diet, the zinc deficient (ZnD) group a diet deficient in zinc and the zinc supplement (ZnS) group a standard diet and enhanced zinc (10ppm) in their drinking water. 12 male offspring in each group were selected as the statistical sample and they were tested for learning and memory in MWM on their 56th natal day (ND) and were tested for motor activity in open-field on their 66th natal day. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data (P
Ahmad Nikravan; Rasool Hemayat talab; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of weight and force is one of the most important factors to organize and perform reaction time (RT) tasks. The elderly are involved in this variable when they gain weight. The present study was designed to examine the effect of limb weight gain on premotor and motor components of ...
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Abstract
The effect of weight and force is one of the most important factors to organize and perform reaction time (RT) tasks. The elderly are involved in this variable when they gain weight. The present study was designed to examine the effect of limb weight gain on premotor and motor components of simple and discriminative reaction time in young and elderly men. Subjects (16 young and 16 elderly) were asked to perform forearm flexion in response to auditory (simple and discriminative) stimuli. The weight of the involved limb increased (1.2 kg) in 50% of trials and reaction time and muscle tension were measured by electromyogram apparatus in all trials. The results showed that the main effects of all three factors of limb weight gain, increasing number of stimuli and age on premotor component were significant. The effect of the increased number of stimuli from simple to discriminative was not significant in the motor component (P=0.77). However, the interactive effects between limb weight gain and age was significant (P=0.002). These results suggested that those variables that cause variation in limb inertia and generally motor components not only involve motor component but also influence a part of premotor processes simultaneously.
Amin Sadeghi; Mohamad.Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Masomeh Shojaee; Arezo Adeli far
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 23-36
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-control, frequent and reduced feedback of KR on children's learning skill of throw targeting in Aleshtar city. For this purpose, 60 subjects were selected and assigned through step-by-step random method to three groups of self-control, frequent, ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-control, frequent and reduced feedback of KR on children's learning skill of throw targeting in Aleshtar city. For this purpose, 60 subjects were selected and assigned through step-by-step random method to three groups of self-control, frequent, and reduced. They performed the task of targeting through throwing in two steps of acquisition and retention with a delayed interval of 24 hours. The self-control group was divided into two groups of high (more than 30%) and low frequency (lower than 18%) after the acquisition phase. In both phases of acquisition and retention, inferential and descriptive statistics were used. In descriptive statistics, central indexes and dispersion of variables, in inferential statistics in acquisition phase, analysis of variance (series of practical efforts) 6 × 4 (how to present feedback) and in retention phase, one-variable analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test as well as SPSS 11.5 software were used (P?0.05). The results indicated no significant difference among these groups in acquisition phase. In retention phase, frequent group had better performance than other groups. The comparison between coach-oriented and subject-oriented practice methods shows that frequent coach- oriented practice method leads to better results for children.
Farnaz Torabi; Mahmood Sheikh; Alimohammad Safaniya
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 23-42
Abstract
The aim of this study was to survey the effect of arousal by the presence of audience and music and their comparison on learning and performance of basketball dribbling. Subjects were 36 healthy and non-athlete girls (mean and SD of age 21.8±2.23 years, height 163.4±6.19cm and weight 57.5±10.13kg) ...
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The aim of this study was to survey the effect of arousal by the presence of audience and music and their comparison on learning and performance of basketball dribbling. Subjects were 36 healthy and non-athlete girls (mean and SD of age 21.8±2.23 years, height 163.4±6.19cm and weight 57.5±10.13kg) were divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n = 12) and control (n = 12) randomly. Training protocol in the acquisition stage included basketball dribbling of Harrison test for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 30 seconds per session with the presence of motivational factors in separate groups. Score of dribbling test was record per session, then posttest was carried out and finally after two weeks of detraining, retention test was performed in the same condition and transfer test like the real condition of competitions (with the presence of music and audience) was performed 24 hours later. Rest heart rate index was used to maintain the subjects in the same level of arousal. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA test, ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Results showed that all groups improved their skill learning in the acquisition stage. Also, there was a significant difference in basketball dribbling scores among the groups in the acquisition stage (p=0.0001) and this difference was higher in the control group (i.e. audience and music groups had weaker performance in the posttest of acquisition stage). But in retention and transfer tests, music and audience groups were at an advantage; audience group achieved the highest scores in retention test and music and audience groups gained higher significant scores than control group in transfer test (p=0.0001).
Iraj Armand Pour; Javad Azimi Rad; Hamid Reza Negarestani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine motivational priorities of participationin wrestling among wrestlers (Greco-Roman and freestyle) in Kermanshah city.The statistical population consisted of 4612 wrestlers of Kermanshah city. 242wrestlers in different age groups (99 adolescents, 56 juniors and 87 ...
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The aim of this study was to determine motivational priorities of participationin wrestling among wrestlers (Greco-Roman and freestyle) in Kermanshah city.The statistical population consisted of 4612 wrestlers of Kermanshah city. 242wrestlers in different age groups (99 adolescents, 56 juniors and 87 seniors) wereselected as a sample with random sampling method. Personal informationquestionnaire and Gale participation motivation questionnaire were used to collectdata and at the end of the training session, the questionnaires were completed.Friedman test, one-way analysis of variance and SPSS software version 13 wereused to analyze data at significance level of 0.05. Gaining success (7.44 ranking),energy depletion (6.15 ranking) and meeting friends (4.57 ranking) were the firstpriorities to participate in wrestling. There was no significant difference inmotivation of participation among different age groups (P>0.05). Results indicatedthat gaining success was the main factor of participation in wrestling inKermanshah and there was no significant difference in the priority of motivationalfactors among different age groups and those groups with various wrestlingparticipation records.
Hamid Salehi; Ahmad Reza Movahedi; Jalil Moradi
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find out whether training in a specific visual condition was an advantage in learning the accuracy of skill performance in the basketball free throw shooting. 28 boys (mean age: 17.14+0.75 years) voluntarily participated in the study and practiced in two groups: with ...
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The aim of the present study was to find out whether training in a specific visual condition was an advantage in learning the accuracy of skill performance in the basketball free throw shooting. 28 boys (mean age: 17.14+0.75 years) voluntarily participated in the study and practiced in two groups: with normal light (control group), and in a specific visual condition (focusing light on rim of basketball) (experimental group) for 15 sessions. Ten days after the last session of training, the groups were evaluated in normal and specific visual conditions. According to the results, both groups improved the accuracy of the throws in the training phase. In the normal visual condition test, the accuracy of the free throws of experimental group was significantly lower than the control group. Thus, the advantage of training in specific visual condition was not verified. The experimental group had an advantage only when the test was carried out in the specific visual condition. In conclusion, a specific training condition will improve learning of sport skills (e.g. the basketball free throws) only if similar sensory-motor and processing conditions govern the training and the test.
Morteza Homayonnia; Alireza Homayoni; Mahmoud Sheikh; Saeid Nazari
Abstract
Researchers use resiliency for people who do not show undesirable consequences in terrible and unsafe conditions. Resiliency is often referred to constructive and positive compatibility in order to deal with problems. As athletes cannot cope with their defeats most of the time, they should study ...
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Researchers use resiliency for people who do not show undesirable consequences in terrible and unsafe conditions. Resiliency is often referred to constructive and positive compatibility in order to deal with problems. As athletes cannot cope with their defeats most of the time, they should study this issue and its interaction and acquisition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and the resiliency in Iranian premier league wrestlers. For this purpose, 80 Iranian premier league wrestlers participated in this study. They were asked to fill out the Persian version of Schutte self–report EI test (SSREIT) and Connor and Davidson resiliency (CD–RISC 2) questionnaire. Mean age of all athletes was 23.8 with standard deviation of 2.85. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the overall scores of EI and resiliency (P<0.01). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between the subscales of EI and resiliency (P<0.01). Simultaneous regression analysis results showed that the subscale of perception and expression of emotions had a significant contribution towards explaining and predicting resiliency (P<0.01). Emotion regulation subscale significantly predicted resiliency (P<0.01). Overall, it can be concluded that EI is an effective factor in predicting and improving resiliency of the Iranian premier league athletes and wrestlers and it can increase resiliency of athletes.
Somayeh Jokar Tang Karami; Mahmood Sheikh; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a motor disorder which involves gross and fine motor skills and coordination. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of selected physical activity on improving gross motor skills in female children with developmental coordination disorder ...
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Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a motor disorder which involves gross and fine motor skills and coordination. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of selected physical activity on improving gross motor skills in female children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). In this semi-experimental study, the sample consisted of 30 students with DCD who were selected from 400 female children in second grade of elementary school in Shiraz city by a researcher-made questionnaire and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). The subjects were divided randomly into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups after the pretest using Ulrich test for gross motor skills version 2000 (TGMD2). The experimental group performed the selected motor program for 12 sessions (3 days a week, 45 minutes per day) while the control group had their normal daily activities. Then, a posttest was held for both groups. The analysis of variance 2´2 was used for data analysis (P≤0.05). The results showed that selected physical activity had a significant effect on improving gross motor skills in children with DCD (P=0.001). Therefore, it is suggested that selected physical activities should be available for teachers and should be performed in physical education courses at schools in order to improve gross motor skills and consequently improve developmental coordination disorder in children
samaneh nasr esfahani; davood hoomanian; samaneh Haji Hosseini
Abstract
Introduction: It is essential to become physically literate to develop movement skills, as the knowledge and motivation necessary to lead an active lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of Canadian physical literacy knowledge and motivation questionnaires among ...
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Introduction: It is essential to become physically literate to develop movement skills, as the knowledge and motivation necessary to lead an active lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of Canadian physical literacy knowledge and motivation questionnaires among 8-10-year-old children in Isfahan.Methods: These questionnaires were translated using the translation–back-translation methodology into Persian and adapted to the Iranian context. A Persian version of these questionnaires was evaluated for its psychometric properties by 384 students aged 8 to 10 in Isfahan city (Iran). The construct validity of the questionnaires was determined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses based on structural equation modeling, and the internal consistency was checked using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The test-retest method determined the temporal reliability of the questionnaires.Results: Face validity was confirmed by five experts in the field of motor behavior. According to the obtained thresholds, the construct validity was acceptable based on the goodness of fit index. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than 0.85 was obtained for the knowledge and motivation questionnaire as its dimensions. The test-retests within two weeks showed that the intragroup correlation coefficients for all five components were acceptable for both boys and girls.Conclusion: Based on the results, the Persian version of Canadian Physical Literacy Knowledge and Motivation Questionnaires for 8-10-year-old children had good validity and reliability. Therefore, it is appropriate to use these tools to measure the children's physical literacy in Isfahan city.
Lila Riahi Farsani; Ahmad Farrokhi; Abolfazl Farahani; Parvaneh Shamsipour
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence training on mental skills in athlete teenagers. For this purpose, 80 volunteer students (40 boys and 40 girls, mean age of 15±0.53 years) were selected with simple random sampling method and divided into ...
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The aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence training on mental skills in athlete teenagers. For this purpose, 80 volunteer students (40 boys and 40 girls, mean age of 15±0.53 years) were selected with simple random sampling method and divided into two experimental and control groups. Bradberry and Greaves emotional intelligence questionnaire was used to measure emotional intelligence and Ottawa Mental States Assessment Tool (OMSAT 3) to measure mental skills. Also, the questionnaires used in Iran were reliable and valid. The program of emotional intelligence skill training to teenager athletes lasted 10 sessions. Data were analyzed using consistency of variances, Kolmogorov Smirnov test and independent t test (the mean comparisons of the two groups based on the difference of scores between pretest and posttest) at P<0.05. Results showed a significant difference between posttest means in the two groups in four components of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management) and mental skills (P˂0.05). Thus, it seems that the training of emotional intelligence skills is one of the important parts of mental preparation that is necessary to achieve optimum athletic performance.
Mehdi Rahim zadeh; Shahzad Tahmasebi; Mehdi Shahbazi
Abstract
Background: In previous studies, the effect of arousal on performance has been investigated. However, whether arousal during learning stages affects bimanual coordination has not been investigated. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the effect of arousal levels during different learning ...
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Background: In previous studies, the effect of arousal on performance has been investigated. However, whether arousal during learning stages affects bimanual coordination has not been investigated. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the effect of arousal levels during different learning stages on the performance of the hand-eye coordination task.Methods: For this purpose, 36 male physical education students aged 20-35 were conveniently selected and based on normal IQ, normal trait anxiety, and right-handedness, were matched into three Low Arousal, Normal Arousal, and High Arousal groups. The study involved pre-test, post-test, retention, and transfer stages. In the pre-test stage, the participants performed 10 trials of the eye-hand coordination task. The training period consisted of 10 sessions and 50 trials per session, in which at the end of each session 10 trials were recorded as performance. The retention and transfer tests were performed 24 hours after the last training session. The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's post hoc tests.Results: The results of the present study showed that high, normal, and low arousal levels have a significant effect on the duration of the eye-hand coordination task during the cognitive, association, and automatic stages, and also the time of the eye-hand coordination task was improved.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is suggested that educators use these arousal stimulation effects to improve the performance and learning of athletes in pursuit tasks.
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ahmad Reza Movahedi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 27-41
Abstract
The Purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of mental and physical practices on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill in mentally retarded male students. Subjects were 40 guidance students who were healthy and novice in basketball penalty shot. They were selected ...
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The Purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of mental and physical practices on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill in mentally retarded male students. Subjects were 40 guidance students who were healthy and novice in basketball penalty shot. They were selected randomly and were assigned to 5 homogeneous groups (4 as experimental and 1 as control) based on their pretest scores, IQ and their ability in mental imagery. They exercised for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired T test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. It was observed that all four variations of practice improved their performance, yet the mental practice followed by physical practice group outperformed the other groups. The results suggest that mental practice followed by physical practice results in an outstanding performance in mentally retarded adolescents.
Ehsan Khajoei Ravari; Ahmad Farokhi; Amir Abas Gholi; Nafiseh Karshenas Najaf Abadi; Saeed Soheilipour
Abstract
Colors influence mood and mental state of human beings and since manis constantly in touch with colors, great important will be attached to thecolors. Exercise is also associated with different colors and is performed inan environment full of different colors. Also, one of the important factorsaffecting ...
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Colors influence mood and mental state of human beings and since manis constantly in touch with colors, great important will be attached to thecolors. Exercise is also associated with different colors and is performed inan environment full of different colors. Also, one of the important factorsaffecting athletes' success is response to the stimulus. Considering theimportance of color and reaction time, this study examined the effect ofenvironmental color on simple reaction time to call in athletes. Thestatistical population consisted of male students (mean age 22.2 yr) ofUniversity of Tehran and 50 subjects were selected by the simple randomsampling method. Simple reaction time to auditory stimulus was recordedusing YB-1000 set. Analysis of variance with repeated measures andBonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze data. Findings showed thatthe smallest standard deviation and mean of simple reaction time to soundwas related to blue environment and there was a significant difference inthe reaction time between the blue environment and all environments exceptfor the white (p<0.05 ). The present results showed that exposure to blueenvironment can increase the speed of auditory information processing ininformation processing system of human beings.
Mehrzad Kharestani; Mahdi Zarghami; Parvaneh Shafiniya
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental imagery and physical practice on dynamic balance in male patients with multiple sclerosis. This study was semi-experimental and the statistical population included male patients with multiple sclerosis in Ahvaz city in 2012 (N=300). For sampling, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental imagery and physical practice on dynamic balance in male patients with multiple sclerosis. This study was semi-experimental and the statistical population included male patients with multiple sclerosis in Ahvaz city in 2012 (N=300). For sampling, Visual and Kinesthetic Imagery Questionnaire and EDSS scale were used. Finally, 33 patients with similar ability of imagery and moderate disorder in EDSS Scale were selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups: mental imagery-physical practice (n=11), mental imagery (n=11) and physical practice (as control group, n=11). The TUG test was used to assess dynamic balance in the pretest, posttest and retention test. The training protocol consisted of 3 sessions a week for 6 weeks. Posttest was performed 2 weeks after the last session of the training protocol. After investigating the data normality and variance equality, data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. The results indicated a significant difference in posttest (P=0.02) and retention (P=0.003) phases among the groups, and combined group had a better performance than the other groups during both phases. According to these results, mental imagery can be used as a practical method for the better performance of dynamic balance in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli; Narges Fa’al; Maryam Kavyiani
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 29-43
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare gross motor skills development in two subtests (locomotors and object control) in preschool children in the deprived and rich environments. Participants in this study were 39 children (mean age: 5 yr). 19 children were selected from deprived environments without extensive ...
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The aim of this study was to compare gross motor skills development in two subtests (locomotors and object control) in preschool children in the deprived and rich environments. Participants in this study were 39 children (mean age: 5 yr). 19 children were selected from deprived environments without extensive motor experiences, and 20 children from a preschool with extensive motor experiences. Ulrich (2000) gross motor development test was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by independent t test. Results showed that there was a significant difference between two groups of rich and deprived in percentage score of locomotors (P=0.001), percentage score of object control (P=0.004), motor development quotient scores (P=0.001). The findings also showed that children with varied motor experiences and education compared with deprived children had higher qualified function in gross motor skills.
Fatemeh Rezaee; Ahmad Farrokhi; fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motivational self-talk as one
of the psychological strategies. Motivational self-talk is a type of self-talk that
appears to improve performance and control arousal level through increased drive
and effort and positive motivation in performance. ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motivational self-talk as one
of the psychological strategies. Motivational self-talk is a type of self-talk that
appears to improve performance and control arousal level through increased drive
and effort and positive motivation in performance. This study tried to investigate
the effect of motivational self-talk on performance of simple and complex skills.
Using a quasi-experimental method, 42 physical education students (20-25 years
old who had passed basketball 1 and 2 units) were selected to participate in this
study. Then, they were randomly divided into two equal groups (experimental and
control) and completed a 15-minute warm-up and task practice. Firstly, the
subjects performed a pre-test (without self-talk) including basketball passing test
(AAHPERD, 1996) as simple skill and basketball passing test (AAHPERD, 1984)
as complex skill. Then, the participants performed a post-test using self-talk with
the above tests. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t test and
paired sample t test by SPSS 11.5 at ??0.05. The results showed no significant
difference between experimental and control groups in pre-test in the performance
of simple (P=0.703) and complex (P=0.512) skills so both group were at the same
level of performance. Motivational self-talk improved the simple skill in the
experimental group (P=0.001). A significant difference (in favour of experimental
group) was observed in the improvement of the simple skill in the post-test of both
groups (P=0.004). Also, motivational self-talk improved the performance of
complex skill in the experimental group (P=0.001). A significant difference (in
favour of experimental group) was observed in the improvement of the complex
skill in the post-test of both groups (P=0.048). The mean difference in the simple
task (? x =0.94) and in the complex task (? x =0.48) between the two groups showed that
the mean difference of simple skill was higher than the complex skill. Generally,
the results showed that motivational self-talk improve the performance of both
skills while it influenced simple skill more than complex skill.
Mahmoud Sheikh; Mehdi Shahbazi; Ashraf Amini; Reza Gholamalizadeh
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 45-56
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the situation of talent identification process and to collect Karate related indexes in Iran. For this purpose, 63 karate subjects, male (N=31) and female (N=32), participated and filled in 3 special questionnaires to identify present and optimal situation ...
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The aim of this research was to investigate the situation of talent identification process and to collect Karate related indexes in Iran. For this purpose, 63 karate subjects, male (N=31) and female (N=32), participated and filled in 3 special questionnaires to identify present and optimal situation of talent identification and most important aspects of biometric, motor capabilities, psychological capacity and skill indexes. The data were analyzed by Pearson coefficient correlation (P?0.05). The results showed that although the reaction time of hand and foot, flexibility, coordination, hand and foot length, agility and sergeant jump were the most important anthropometrical factors related to successful performance, but the reaction time of hand and foot, flexibility and coordination were significant predicators of discriminating athletes. In motor capabilities, the endurance of cardiovascular system played the main role and was an important predictor. In psychological capacity, two factors of concentration and self-confidence had a critical role and only concentration was a significant predictor. The results of this study showed no pattern for talent identification in Iran from coaches and athletes’ viewpoints.
Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Seyed Mohammad Zadkhosh
Abstract
Concentration, or the ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions, is a vital determinant of successful performance in sport. The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of neurofeedback and mindfulness interventions on visual continuous performance in young athletes. 45 ...
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Concentration, or the ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions, is a vital determinant of successful performance in sport. The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of neurofeedback and mindfulness interventions on visual continuous performance in young athletes. 45 soccer players (age range of 16 - 20 years) who attended the National Leagues in 2017 were assigned to three groups (alpha/theta neurofeedback intervention, mindfulness intervention, and control). Athletes in neurofeedback group received 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) of neurofeedback training with high alpha/low theta protocol and athletes in mindfulness group received 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) of mindfulness meditation. Before and after interventions, visual continuous performance test was used. The control group received no interventions. The results of mixed ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures at significance level of 0.05 showed a significant improvement in all dimensions of visual continuous performance test (omission error, commission error, and reaction time) in neurofeedback and mindfulness groups compared with the control group. Also, the results indicated no significant differences between neurofeedback and mindfulness groups in the dimensions of the visual continuous performance test. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of alpha/theta neurofeedback training and mindfulness training as visual continuous performance improvement training compared with the control group in young athletes.