Foad Niknasab; Mohammadreza Zareli; Ali Fakorean; Reza Sharbatzadeh
Abstract
Anxiety and self-confidence are factors that affect performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mindfulness and mental imagery training on the psychophysiological response of anxiety and self-confidence in students’ officer. This method was semi-experimental. 45 male officers ...
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Anxiety and self-confidence are factors that affect performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mindfulness and mental imagery training on the psychophysiological response of anxiety and self-confidence in students’ officer. This method was semi-experimental. 45 male officers who voluntarily participated in this study and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (mindfulness and mental imagery) and one control group. The score of anxiety and self-confidence, as well as levels of salivary cortisol were measured in three groups. The experimental groups performed 6 sessions of specific training. Finally, the post-test has conducted in three groups according to the pre-test. The results indicated that mindfulness and imaging training had a significant effect on the level of salivary cortisol, anxiety, and self-confidence. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of effectiveness (p > 0.05). In general, it can be concluded that mindfulness and mental imagery training could be a strategy to reduce anxiety and improve self-confidence in officer students. Therefore, it is suggested to the providers and teachers in the military organs that by holding workshops and using these strategies to reduce anxiety and enhance self-confidence and consequently to improve students’ performance.Therefore, it is suggested to the providers and teachers in the military organs that by holding workshops and using these strategies to reduce anxiety and enhance self-confidence and consequently to improve students’ performance.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mohamad Ali Besharat; Mehdi Sohrabi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate impulsiveness features of soccer players in different positions according to the mastery orientation approach. For this purpose, 40 soccer players in Iran first division league with mean age of 28.65±3.9 years in different positions participated in this ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate impulsiveness features of soccer players in different positions according to the mastery orientation approach. For this purpose, 40 soccer players in Iran first division league with mean age of 28.65±3.9 years in different positions participated in this study. To measure impulsiveness features, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that goalkeepers and defenders achieved higher scores in cognitive and motor variables of impulsiveness factors and in misdiagnosis of continuous performance test items than the middle players and offenders (F(9,82)=3.126, P=0.001, Wilks Lambda 0.228, partial η2=0.389). Based on these results, it can be stated that impulsiveness is one of the main explanatory factors of players' tendency towards different soccer positions along with other relevant variables.
valiollah Kashani; Mohamad Ali Salianeh; Asie Paran Davaji
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of causes of re-injury worry scale. A final version of this scale in injured athletes was translated and developed based on the feedbacks provided by experts in sport sciences and 195 athletes who had experienced injury ...
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The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of causes of re-injury worry scale. A final version of this scale in injured athletes was translated and developed based on the feedbacks provided by experts in sport sciences and 195 athletes who had experienced injury were selected by cluster random sampling method. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC)) and descriptive statistics. The findings indicated good fit of the CFA model over the Persian version of this scale. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and ICC demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and temporal validity of this scale. Proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the good fit of the CFA model.
Amir Abbas Gholipoor; Mehdi Shahbazi; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Attribution theory is one of the psychological dynamic theories that explainsand describes people's perception of facts. Therefore, the aim of this research wasto study success and failure attributions in athletes and coaches. The population ofthis study consisted of athletes and coaches of national ...
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Attribution theory is one of the psychological dynamic theories that explainsand describes people's perception of facts. Therefore, the aim of this research wasto study success and failure attributions in athletes and coaches. The population ofthis study consisted of athletes and coaches of national teams (elite) and clubteams (sub–elite) in swimming, badminton, karate, taekwondo, table tennis andwrestling. 120 male players and 12 coaches were selected through multistageconvenience sampling method. Then, data were collected by attribution stylesquestionnaire (ASQ). The data were analyzed by multivariate ANOVA at P˂0.05.The findings showed that elite athletes expressed more unstable and specificattributions in failure conditions. In contrast, sub–elite athletes expressed morestable and general attributions in failure conditions (P≤0.0001). As well, thecoaches of elite athletes expressed more stable and specific attributions than thecoaches of sub–elite athletes in success dimension (P≤0.0001). The results showedthat the casual attribution of athletes (elite and sub-elite) and their coaches (eliteand sub-elite) expressed elite athletes and coaches' privilege as elite athletesexpressed that most of the reasons for their success were internal, stable andgeneral. Also, athletes and coaches stated different attributions in the samesituation. It is recommended that coaches encourage their athletes to attempt moreto express all of their competencies in the competitions.
Sadegh Ranjbar; Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Sayyed Mohsen Fatemi
Abstract
According to numerous studies in sport psychology, it is proved that optimal athletic performance relates to many psychological factors and personality and psychological characteristics influence athletic development. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare mindfulness, emotional intelligence ...
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According to numerous studies in sport psychology, it is proved that optimal athletic performance relates to many psychological factors and personality and psychological characteristics influence athletic development. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare mindfulness, emotional intelligence and mental toughness in successful and unsuccessful karate athletes in Iran men’s karate super league. This research was casual-comparative and the population consisted of Iran men’s karate super league in Kumite section in 2015. Primary data were collected by convenience sampling method from 70 athletes of all participating teams- especially two high ranking teams and three low ranking teams- in karate super league. After the data of the number of competitions and their results for each athlete were collected, the optimal performance of karate athletes was calculated and two successful and unsuccessful karate athletes groups were determined (each group 30 subjects). The form of content, the demographic questionnaire, Sport Mindfulness Scale, Schutte Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Mental Toughness Questionnaire (48 items) were used. The normal distribution of data in both groups were examined using the K-S and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The results of independent t test showed that the difference in mindfulness was not statistically significant between successful and unsuccessful karate athletes, but the emotional intelligence and mental toughness between successful and unsuccessful athletes were significantly different. Overall, it can be stated that a major part of these findings emphasize the role of the psychological characteristics in the sport performance and success of the two groups of elite karate athletes who have the highest rank in Asia and world karate.
Ashkan Alizadeh; Mohammad Khabiri; Mohammadali Besharat; Abbasali Gaeini
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dimensions of competitive perfectionism and physiological responses of elite male fencers. This study was descriptive – correlation and the population consisted of male fencers. The data were collected from 46 fencers who ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dimensions of competitive perfectionism and physiological responses of elite male fencers. This study was descriptive – correlation and the population consisted of male fencers. The data were collected from 46 fencers who participated in national championships and selected by convenience sampling method. To assess dimensions of competitive perfectionism, the subjects were required to complete Competitive Perfectionism Scale of Besharat (2004). The physiological responses including saliva cortisol and immunoglobulin were measured by 96-test kits of cortisol and saliva immunoglobulin A manufactured by the Zell Bio Company. Results showed a significant positive relationship between negative competitive perfectionism and increased saliva cortisol and decreased saliva immunoglobulin before competition. Whereas there was no significant relationship between positive competitive perfectionism and any of physiological responses. Results also revealed that negative competitive perfectionism can predict the changes of saliva cortisol and saliva immunoglobulin in fencers.
Mohamad Rahimi; Gholamali Afrooz; Ali Akbar Arjmand nia; Elham Azimzade
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a program to educate emotion management and to evaluate its effectiveness on controlling anger and mental health in soccer players. The method of this study was quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest with control group. The population consisted of all players of soccer ...
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The aim of this study was to design a program to educate emotion management and to evaluate its effectiveness on controlling anger and mental health in soccer players. The method of this study was quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest with control group. The population consisted of all players of soccer teams in adult premier league in 2014. 40 players of soccer teams in premier league were selected by convenience sampling method and 12 subjects were randomly selected for the experimental group and 12 subjects for the control group. To assess mental health and anger control, the SCL-90 Questionnaire and the Anger Control Skill Questionnaire and the Particular Emotional Anger Management Training Package by Abrams (2010) were used. ANCOVA results showed that emotional management training significantly increased attacking behavior control in soccer players. Also, emotional management training significantly reduced mental disorders in soccer players. Emotional management training package could increase the capacity of processing and emotional management in soccer players given the various dimensions of emotions (physiological, behavioral and cognitive) and the style of management (recognition of physiological manifestation, behavior control and change of cognitive deviations).
Mohammad Hossein Zamani; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Majid Ghoshoni
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the learning of throwing skills in autism children. The research method was semi-experimental with repeated design and retention test. The statistical sample of this study was 33 children of 10 years old who were selected available ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the learning of throwing skills in autism children. The research method was semi-experimental with repeated design and retention test. The statistical sample of this study was 33 children of 10 years old who were selected available and were divided into three groups randomly: larger circle perceptions, smaller circle perceptions and control group. The tool used in this study was the Ebbinghaus illusion displayed on the ground and the beanbags for throwing from down to shoulder to goal. At first, the participants performed ten trials at the pre-test phase. Then, in the acquisition phase, 20 blocks completed 10 trials. 48 hours after the last session of the acquisition, a retention test was performed in 10 trials of the participant. To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance analysis with repeated measures, one way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up were used. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the groups both in the acquisition phase and in the retention phase between the groups, which this difference was in favor of the larger circle's perception group. Overall, the results of this study showed that a simple perceptual manipulation can increase motor learning in children with autism. Therefore, it is suggested to educators and sports practitioners to use this variable to improve their performance and improve their training sessions.
Leila Ghandehari Alavijeh; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni; Mehdi Shahbazi
Abstract
Theoretically, skill presentation will change behavior through processes such as imitation and motor repetition. If we want learning to happen, we need a process called training. Training can be delivered by the instructor through verbal and non–verbal instructions to the learner. One type of non–verbal ...
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Theoretically, skill presentation will change behavior through processes such as imitation and motor repetition. If we want learning to happen, we need a process called training. Training can be delivered by the instructor through verbal and non–verbal instructions to the learner. One type of non–verbal instruction is pattern representation in which learner can learn through observation. The purpose of this model is to use the pattern representation as a means of transmitting information. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three training methods: immediate, interspersed and combined imitation on Juno kata form performance. Therefore, 45 girls (9-12 years old) in Tehran city voluntarily participated in this study and were divided into three groups (each group 15 subjects) based on the type of intervention. Groups of immediate, interspersed and combined imitation had special imitation training programs with specific repetitions. In order to quantify data, 10-point Kata scale was used. As the data distribution and variance homogeneity were obtained, the result of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that all three observational methods helped to improve the performance and this progress remained stable in the retention and transfer tests (P≤0.05). Also, the results of multivariate analysis of variance showed the priority of immediate imitation group on interspersed (P=0.0005) and combined (P=0.0005) imitation groups. The combined imitation group gained better scores than interspersed group (P=0.0005) and this differences was stable in retention and transfer tests.
Shaghayegh Mohammadi; Hamid Salehi
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the anticipation of taekwondo athletes when facing right- and left-footed kicks. Expert taekwondo athletes (n = 40; age = 20.935.12 years; Taekwondo Kyorugi competition experience = 7.584.49years) were shown identical video simulations of right-footed ...
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the anticipation of taekwondo athletes when facing right- and left-footed kicks. Expert taekwondo athletes (n = 40; age = 20.935.12 years; Taekwondo Kyorugi competition experience = 7.584.49years) were shown identical video simulations of right-footed and left-footed chagi kicks. The videos were temporally paused at five different time occlusion points from the start to the end of the kicks. The participants were required to make prediction of kick types (front vs. back leg to head or trunk of opponent in kick attacks). The results indicated that anticipation of right-footed kicks was significantly more accurate than that of left-footed kicks. The footedness effect was found to be most pronounced when kicks videos were paused at 120 ms prior to the kick completion. Thus, the opponent’s footedness seems to affect visual anticipation of the type of an action. Mean percentages of correct predictions suggest that kyorugi taekwondo players may not adopt an optimal visual search strategy when facing left-footed kicks, resulting in fails in the detection of anticipation-relevant kinematic cues before the end of left-footed kicks in most instances (i.e., about 120 ms and more before the kick completion). It seems that the lower ability of recognizing the type of left- vs. right-footed opponents' kicks were due to the observers’ reduced perceptual awareness with left-footed actions
Mahmoud Sheikh
Abstract
This research was performed to compare the effect of various levels of contextual interference (blocked, random and increasing practice schedules) on acquisition, retention and transfer of movement time error and cursor error in a complex motor – perceptual task. For this purpose, 30 female students ...
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This research was performed to compare the effect of various levels of contextual interference (blocked, random and increasing practice schedules) on acquisition, retention and transfer of movement time error and cursor error in a complex motor – perceptual task. For this purpose, 30 female students (age range of 11 – 13 years) participated in a pretest (3 parts of 12 trials) and based on their pretest scores, they were divided into 3 homogeneous groups: blocked, random and increasing. The participants performed the guidance and click by mouse tasks in accordance with their groups. 4 days after the pretest, the participants performed 288 trials (12 trials in 18 parts) in the acquisition phase and after 24 hours, they participated in retention and transfer phases (12 trials in 3 parts). Movement time error (MTE) and cursor error (CU) were analyzed separately for acquisition, retention and transfer phases by analysis of variance 3×4 and Tukey post hoc test. The result showed a significant difference (P=0.00) in the movement time error between the acquisition phases with confidence level of 99%, but there was no significant difference (P=0.29) in the cursor error. Also, there was no significant difference among the three groups in the acquisition, retention and transfer.
Behrouz Abdoli; Alireza Farsi; Ebrahim Norouzi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and self – determination Judokas in Iranian pro league, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. The statistical population of this study comprised the entire Judokas of pro league in ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and self – determination Judokas in Iranian pro league, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. The statistical population of this study comprised the entire Judokas of pro league in Iran. Statistical sample set of 126 Judokas of pro league in Iran.
In order to collect data, demographic questionnaire, perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire – 2 (PMCSQ) and sport motivation scale (SMS), were used. In order to analyze of data dscriptive mthods were used and also on level of P<0.05 in order to determine the relationship a multiple variable regression was used. Research results showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived motivational climate and self – determination (P<0.05). Also, the findings showed that there is a significant relationship between performance climate and eccentric and intrinsic motivation (P<0.05) and there is signigicant relationship between Mastery climate and intrinsic motivation (P<0.05). but, there was no relationship between motivational climate and amotivation on the other (P>0.05). generally between perceived motivational climate is important and predicitve factor in athlete's self – determination.
Akbar Bohloul; Mehdi Shahbazi; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni
Abstract
Coordination is an important part of successful movements in daily life and sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of cognitive activities on intrapersonal and interpersonal motor coordination in taekwondo athletes (Poomsae). The population consisted of Poomsae ...
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Coordination is an important part of successful movements in daily life and sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of cognitive activities on intrapersonal and interpersonal motor coordination in taekwondo athletes (Poomsae). The population consisted of Poomsae male athletes in Tehran city. 30 individual Poomsae athletes and 30 team Poomsae athletes (age range: 17 - 30 years old) were selected by convenience sampling method. The sample was divided into 3 groups: control, easy cognitive activities and difficult cognitive activities. The control group only performed the motor coordination task whereas the cognitive groups performed the dual task. The results of one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference for two handed (P=0.003) and two legged (P=0.04) coordination in total time factor (speed). Also, there was a significant difference in the error percentage factor for interpersonal motor coordination (P=0.02). In a two by two group analysis, the easy (P=0.003) and difficult (P=0.001) cognitive activities groups in two handed motor coordination and the difficult cognitive activities group in two legged (P=0.02) and interpersonal (P=0.01) motor coordination performed better than the control group. It is suggested that difficult activities should be used in addition to regular physical activities.
Fatemeh Rezaee; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; M.Hossein Sadeghzadeh
Abstract
Mental toughness is the ability to increase the flow of the positive energy against obstacles. The aim of the present study was to compare mental toughness of male and female skilled and novice climbers. 130 climbers that were randomly selected and divided to skilled and novice groups. Data were ...
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Mental toughness is the ability to increase the flow of the positive energy against obstacles. The aim of the present study was to compare mental toughness of male and female skilled and novice climbers. 130 climbers that were randomly selected and divided to skilled and novice groups. Data were collected through Mental Toughness Questionnaire of Sheard, Golby and Van Wersch. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test (P≤0.05). The results showed that the main effect of skill was not significant but the main effect of gender and interaction between gender and skill were significant. Further analysis on the data showed that the highest mean belonged to the male skilled climbers in confidence component and the lowest mean belonged to female novice climbers in control component. Male skilled climbers were also significantly higher in all three subscales of confidence, control, and stability than female skilled climbers. So, it is suggested that according to the nature of climbing which is an endurance and risky exercise, merely being skilled at developing the mental toughness of climbers was not a criterion and other factors such as gender and its interaction with skill play an important role as well.
Zahra Ghadimi Kalateh; Seyed Fardin Qeysari; Mahmood Sheikh
Abstract
Measuring different types of aggression (such as physical, verbal) and its functions (such as Reactive/Proactive) in individuals with developmental disabilities, especially adolescents and adults, has received little attention. In this study, we investigated the validity and reliability of the Persian ...
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Measuring different types of aggression (such as physical, verbal) and its functions (such as Reactive/Proactive) in individuals with developmental disabilities, especially adolescents and adults, has received little attention. In this study, we investigated the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Children’s Scale of Hostility and Aggression: )Reactive/Proactive) in individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder in different age groups. For this purpose, C-SHARP questionnaire, child behavior checklist (CBCL) and reactive/Proactive aggression questionnaire were filled out by different age groups with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Different types of validity were determined with test-retest and Cronbach's alpha for its external and internal reliability. Correlation between C-SHARP, CBCL and reactive/Proactive aggression questionnaire was also used to assess the validity of the C-SHARP scale. The correlation coefficient between C-SHARP subscales and CBCL Externalizing was higher than internalized CBCL. Individuals classified with the reactive/Proactive aggression questionnaire as both Reactive and Proactive have higher C-SHARP Proactive Scores than individuals classified as Reactive only or Reactive or Non- Proactive. For C-SHARP reaction scores, a similar pattern was observed for proactive scores. The results of this study provided evidence for the validity of C-SHARP by confirming the content validity and its relationship with valid scales, which shows that C-SHARP is useful for measuring different types of aggressive behavior in different age groups with developmental disabilities
Hasan Baghande; Elahe Arab Ameri; Foad Niknasab
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional - local games on the development of gross motor skills of children with educable mental retardation. 30 educable mentally retarded children in Welfare Organization of Marivan city (mea age 12.8 ±1.12 yr and IQ 33.61±7.81) ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional - local games on the development of gross motor skills of children with educable mental retardation. 30 educable mentally retarded children in Welfare Organization of Marivan city (mea age 12.8 ±1.12 yr and IQ 33.61±7.81) were studied with purposive sampling method. All children were pretested; then, samples were randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental. Each group consisted of 8 boys and 7 girls. In gross motor skills, Bruininks - Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency was used. Traditional - local games were practiced by the experimental group during 32 sessions, each session 50-60 minutes for 4 days a week. The control group performed their daily routine. After 32 sessions of practice, both groups were post-tested. To study the research hypotheses, non-parametric Wilcoxon and U Mann Whitney tests were used (SPSS16). The results showed a significant difference in posttest scores between the two groups (P<0.05). The experimental group had higher scores. The findings suggested that the training program used (traditional - local games) in this study was appropriate to improve the gross motor skills in educable mentally retarded children and can be used as a training program in training centers.
Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Mahmoud Mohebi; Sahar Zarei
Abstract
Taekwondo athletes experience a lot of pressure during the competition, because they must attack and defend at the same time, In addition, before the competition, the stress of the taekwondo athletes increases and lose weight quickly, In this context, the maintenance of desirable psychological states ...
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Taekwondo athletes experience a lot of pressure during the competition, because they must attack and defend at the same time, In addition, before the competition, the stress of the taekwondo athletes increases and lose weight quickly, In this context, the maintenance of desirable psychological states and success in Taekwondo requires a set of specific psychological factors, such as positive perfectionism and psychological skills. Therefore the aim of this research was to survey the relationship between Sport perfectionism and mental skills in Taekwondo Athletes. Present study research method was descriptive – correlational, Statistic population was included all of from Iranian Taekwondo athletes participated in country championship competition. Samples were 110 males with average age of (23/60 ± 5/84) selected based on random sampling, and completed the Scales of perfectionism and mental skills. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression (inward method) tests. The results of Pearson correlation revealed that positive perfectionism was positively associated with mental skills of foundation, psychosomatic and cognition, and Negative perfectionism had the negative correlation with these mental skills (p < 0/01). Regression analysis showed that positive and negative perfectionism dimensions predict 40 percent of total mental skills variance (p < 0/05). According to the findings, it seems that dimensions of perfectionism have an important role in selecting mental skills and the level of skills which every Taekwondo Athletes uses is correlated with these dimensions.
Mahmoud Mohebi; Hassan Gharayagh zandi; Mohammad Ali Besharat; Mahboubeh Ghayour Najafabadi
Abstract
Recognition of important psychological factors in coping with difficulty is considered as an important factor in the development of positive interventions to achieve sports self-fulfillment. Self-sufficiency and cognitive regulation of emotion are important factors that are effective in coping with unpleasant ...
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Recognition of important psychological factors in coping with difficulty is considered as an important factor in the development of positive interventions to achieve sports self-fulfillment. Self-sufficiency and cognitive regulation of emotion are important factors that are effective in coping with unpleasant events. In a difficult event such as failure in sports is not considered. Therefore The purpose of this study was to model the structural equation of relationship between self -compassion and emotional reactions to failure as mediated by cognitive emotion regulation among martial arts. A total of 286 athlete (191 men and 95 women; age: 20.98±3.30 years) from different disciplines of martial arts (taekwondo, karate, Judo and wushu) engaged in league championship participated in the study. Athlete completed self-report measures of self-compassion (SCS), negative affect (PANAS), and cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ). The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation model. Result revealed that self-compassion has direct and indirect effects on emotional reactions to failure. Furthermore, cognitive emotion regulation a partial negative mediator between the self-compassion and emotional reactions to failure. This study indicates that self-compassion is a relevant construct for understanding athletes’emotional responses to failure problems and cognitive emotion regulation strategies are involved as underlying mechanisms in this process. Therefore, it suggests paying attention to growth of self-compassion in martial arts and emphasizing on improving adaptive emotion regulation and reducing incompatible emotion regulation in order to recover better from failure and reduce its negative effects.
Elham Lashani; Shahzad Tahmasebi
Abstract
the purpose of this research was the effect of visual concurrent feedback on balance ability in 7-13 years old girls. Hence, for this purpose, thirty-four girls student (ranging 7-12 years old) were participated in this study. The students were divided to three group randomly, control, closed eyes and ...
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the purpose of this research was the effect of visual concurrent feedback on balance ability in 7-13 years old girls. Hence, for this purpose, thirty-four girls student (ranging 7-12 years old) were participated in this study. The students were divided to three group randomly, control, closed eyes and mirror visual concurrent feedback groups, after stork balance test pre-test. Then, groups under interventions completed related trainings. In the present study used paired t-test for comparison of intra-group and one- way ANOVA for inter group (p≤0.05). The result of ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between pre-test (p≥0/05). But, there was significant improvement in mirror group compared to control group (p=0.001) and closed eyes group (p=0.001). In addition to, the result of paired t-test indicated that only the mirror group has significant progress (p=0.007) in balance and the other groups have significant decrements. Therefore, concurrent feedback in children by use of a mirror to show them self can be improve their balance ability
Abolfazl Shayan; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Mehdi Shahbazi; Siroos Choobineh
Abstract
The vital role of exercise in many aspects of daily life and somewhat cognitivefunctions are acknowledged but a point that has recently gained researchers'attention is to investigate the effect of different types of exercises on cognitivefunctions and the mediating mechanisms of this effect. The aim ...
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The vital role of exercise in many aspects of daily life and somewhat cognitivefunctions are acknowledged but a point that has recently gained researchers'attention is to investigate the effect of different types of exercises on cognitivefunctions and the mediating mechanisms of this effect. The aim of this study was todetermine the effect of two types of endurance and resistance exercises on thelevels of attention and BDNF of sedentary students. Therefore, 46 sedentarystudents from University of Tehran (mean age 24.3+1.8 yr) were assigned to threegroups: endurance, resistance and control after the Stroop pretest. After bloodsamples had been collected, the subjects continued their exercise protocol for fiveweeks. Finally, at least 48 hours after the last session, the Stroop test wasperformed and blood samples were collected in order to eliminate the temporaryeffects of exercises. For data analysis, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, paired sample ttest, one–way ANOVA, MANOVA test, Dunnett's T3 post hoc test and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient test were used (P≤0.05). Results showed a significantimprovement in the response time of Stroop test in both endurance and resistancegroups while expression of BDNF significantly increased only in endurance group(P<0.05). The control group showed no improvement in any variables. In addition,there was no significant difference between the effect of two types of exercise onthe response time of the Stroop test and expression of BDNF (P>0.05). There wasno significant correlation between the variations of response time of the Stroop testand expression of BDNF (P>0.05). Finally, this research indicated that exercisecan improve cognitive functions, but there was no significant difference betweenendurance and resistance exercises in response to this question that which activitywas more useful.
Ali Kashi; Saleh Rafiee; Misagh Zereshkian
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of perceptual motor training and cognitive games on cognitive development in mentally retarded children. In this experimental study, 45 mentally retarded children aged between 8 and 12 in Kermanshah province were randomly divided into ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of perceptual motor training and cognitive games on cognitive development in mentally retarded children. In this experimental study, 45 mentally retarded children aged between 8 and 12 in Kermanshah province were randomly divided into 3 groups: perceptual motor training, cognitive training and control. The perceptual motor program included the protocol of Salari et al. (2014) and Kashi et al. (2015) and cognitive games included a collection of cognitive games of my brain that was run as software. The groups participated in the program for 8 weeks, 2 sessions per week and 45 minutes per session. Before and after the training, they participated in London Tower computer test and the Stroop color-word test as pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed with Mancova and Ancova tests.The findings of the study showed a significant difference among perceptual motor training, cognitive games and control in London Tower computer test and Stroop color-word test. Perceptual motor training had a greater effect on the improvement of cognitive functions in mentally retarded children than cognitive games. Therefore, it can be concluded that although both types of games play an effective role in improving cognitive development and can be used to improve children's well-being, perceptual motor training is a better tool to create more development effects than cognitive training.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mehdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki; Mohamad Ali Besharat
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of impulsivity on learning of skills in open and closed environments. Participations were forty-eight male with 10 to 12 years old that signed in low impulsivity, med impulsivity, high impulsivity and control groups (combined ...
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The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of impulsivity on learning of skills in open and closed environments. Participations were forty-eight male with 10 to 12 years old that signed in low impulsivity, med impulsivity, high impulsivity and control groups (combined group) in accordance to the distribution of impulsivity scores. Before and after basketball skills training program, Harrison’s basketball shooting test was used to evaluation of performance and learning of skills in open and closed environments during pre-test, post-test, retention and transfer test. The results showed a significantly differences between groups for attentional functions (p=0.0001). The results of post-test and retention showed advanced performance in open environment with the increased levels of impulsivity (p=0.003). While about closed environment, progressive performance was aligned with Low levels of impulsivity groups (F=0.001). But in the transfer tests, differences between the groups were not significant (F=0.09), that was performed under the competitive goal condition. It is possible that impulsivity has a facilitator and an attenuator role in learning of various sportive skills, perhaps in open and closed environments.
Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Masoumeh Hadiyan; Mehdi Ghafouri; Arezou Azadi
Abstract
Motivation is one of those factors affecting the success and quality of athletic performance. However, limited research has been conducted on the motivational traits of Iranian athletes. This study aimed at describing the motivational traits of skilled and novice athletes of team and individual ...
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Motivation is one of those factors affecting the success and quality of athletic performance. However, limited research has been conducted on the motivational traits of Iranian athletes. This study aimed at describing the motivational traits of skilled and novice athletes of team and individual sports in some selected sports fields. Players of national teams of the individual sports of karate, taekwondo, fencing, badminton, sailing and team sports of basketball, volleyball, Dragon boat, handball and futsal were purposively selected as the population of skilled athletes and 60 athletes were randomly selected from all above selected sports fields from some selected provinces as the sample of novice athletes. Data from the Sport Attitudes Inventory (SAI) were classified according to team and individual sports and players were classified according to novice and skilled levels and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistical results of ANOVA showed that competitive motivation was significantly higher in skilled and novice athletes of individual sports than team sports and it was higher in skilled athletes than novice athletes (P<0.05).
Mehran Shahintab; Mohammad ali Aslankhani; Behroz Abdoli; Kombiz Kamkari
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
The main of this research was to investigate the effect of a psychological training program on mental health of elite basketball players. This research was semi–experimental with pretest posttest and a control group. The population consisted of all basketball players from Iran basketball super league ...
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The main of this research was to investigate the effect of a psychological training program on mental health of elite basketball players. This research was semi–experimental with pretest posttest and a control group. The population consisted of all basketball players from Iran basketball super league (N=150). They were divided into two teams: experimental and control group. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory – 2 restructured form (MMPI – 2RF) was used to collect data which consisted of validity scales profile as well as 4 profiles including clinical, somatic/cognitive and internalizing scale, externalizing scale, interpersonal and interest scale and psyche scale. This inventory consisted of 338 questions and showed high validity and reliability coefficients (P
Mohammad ali Aslankhani; Alireza Farsi; Hojjat Zamani; Zahra Fathi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effect of contextual interference on acquisition, retention and transfer of coincidence anticipation task with constant, increasing and decreasing speeds. 36 male physical education participants from Shahid Beheshti University were voluntarily selected and randomly ...
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The present study aimed to examine the effect of contextual interference on acquisition, retention and transfer of coincidence anticipation task with constant, increasing and decreasing speeds. 36 male physical education participants from Shahid Beheshti University were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups (12 subjects each group) and performed coincidence timing tasks with Bassin anticipation timing. In this research, three separate experiments were used. Experiments consisted of constant speed, increasing speed and decreasing speed. Subjects participated in pretest, acquisition, blocked retention, random retention and transfer tests. Absolute temporal errors were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P
