Mehdi Takhtaei; Davood Homanian; Mahmoud Sheikh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare motor skills and body mass index of male students (7 to 10 years old) with and without internet addiction. Participants included 150 students with internet addiction and 150 students without internet addiction. After their parents filled out the consent forms and ...
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The aim of this study was to compare motor skills and body mass index of male students (7 to 10 years old) with and without internet addiction. Participants included 150 students with internet addiction and 150 students without internet addiction. After their parents filled out the consent forms and the students' personal information was recorded, the groups firstly were identified by the Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire. Body mass index of participants were recorded by stadiometer and scale, and then their motor skills were assessed by the Bruininks - Oseretsky test. To classify the data, measures of central tendency and dispersion in the descriptive statistics were used. To analyze the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and independent t test were used in the inferential statistics. All research analysis was investigated at the significance level (P<0.05). The results showed significant differences in gross and fine motor skills, motor proficiency as well as body mass index between students with and without internet addiction, that is to say children with internet addiction showed poorer performance in gross and fine motor skills and motor proficiency. Also, they had more body mass index. Internet addiction may be accompanied with obesity and poor performance in gross motor skills. Therefore, it is recommended that the necessary steps should be taken to prevent these problems.
Farnaz Torabi; Mahmud Sheikh; Elahe Arabameri; Rasoul Hemattalab; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 65-82
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. Subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. Subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n=12) and control (n=12). Protocol of acquisition phase included basketball free throw for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 15 trails each session with the presence of motivational factors in separate groups. Score of free throw test was recorded per session. Then, posttest was carried out and finally after 2 weeks of detraining, retention test was performed in the same condition for all groups. Transfer test in a new condition (different from training condition) was performed 24 hours later. Heart rate index was used to asses the level of arousal of subjects at rest and during training. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA test, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Results showed that all groups improved in the acquisition phase and there was no significant difference in free throw scores among the three groups in the acquisition test (P=0.145). But in the retention test, music group achieved highest scores and in transfer test, music and audience groups were significantly higher than the control group (P=0.000).
Fatemeh Rezaei; Mahdi Shahbazi; Fazollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Skillful performance in soccer requires not only sound techniques but also quickand accurate decision making. These decisions are usually made in variousintensities of practice and performance. The main aim of this study was toinvestigate the effect of different levels of arousal and training intensity ...
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Skillful performance in soccer requires not only sound techniques but also quickand accurate decision making. These decisions are usually made in variousintensities of practice and performance. The main aim of this study was toinvestigate the effect of different levels of arousal and training intensity on decisionmaking (speed and accuracy) of expert female soccer players. For this purpose, 16expert female soccer players (mean age 22.4±3.8 yr) with 8 or more years ofcompetitive experience were voluntarily selected from Tehran women's premierleague. Soccer related photographs on a computer monitor were used to evaluatethe decision making task; participants had to decide which action they wouldundertake (shoot, pass, dribble). Three different levels of arousal (low: with nospectators, medium: with silent spectators and high: with cheering spectators) inthree different levels of intensity (resting, 40% of HRmax, 80% of HRmax) weredesigned. To measure the accuracy and speed of decision making, parametricmethod of MANOVA, 3(training intensity levels) in 3 (arousal levels), was used. Tototally compare the groups, one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA with repeatedmeasures and Tukey post hoc test were used at α=95%. The results showed nosignificant difference in the speed of decision making among different arousallevels (P>0.05) while a significant difference was observed in the accuracy ofdecision making among different arousal levels (P˂0.05). The speed of decisionmaking improved in the low and medium arousal levels through an increase intraining intensity while no significant difference was observed in the speed ofdecision making in high arousal level among different intensity levels (P>0.05).Furthermore, the accuracy of decision making showed no significant difference inlow and high arousal levels among different intensity levels (P>0.05). Theaccuracy of decision making improved in low arousal level through an increase intraining intensity. These finding showed that training intensity and arousalseparately influenced each decision making component.
Jalal Dehghanizade; Hasan Mohammadzade
Abstract
Relationship between Quiet Eye duration And Performance: Study of Duration And Location of Gaze Quiet eye is considered as a special gaze to a location of Motor space that is an indicator of motor control. The Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between quiet eye durations and location ...
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Relationship between Quiet Eye duration And Performance: Study of Duration And Location of Gaze Quiet eye is considered as a special gaze to a location of Motor space that is an indicator of motor control. The Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between quiet eye durations and location of gaze fixation with performance. The research sample included 60 right-handed boys (19-22 yr). The Snellen chart was used to assess vision. Task was a golf putting and the visual information was recorded through eye track glasses and motor information via a Video camera (SONY). The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed the relationship between quiet eye and performance. Also, the correlation between the location of gaze fixation with quiet eye and performance was determined by Eta correlation coefficient. The results of ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between location of gaze fixation in quiet eye and performance variables. In other words, the duration and location of the fixation affect the motor performance. The components of vision can have an effective role in motor control. The quiet eye is a perceptual skill associated with expertise and superior performance. The benefit of the phenomenon has been demonstrated in a range of sporting tasks. The mechanism(s) underpinning this phenomenon are much-debated and are associated with varying assumptions.
Hossein Samadi; Jalil Moradi; Saeid Ahar
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of referees' role in holding sports competitions and the impact of referees' decisions on the outcome of the game, little research has been done on various aspects of the referees' profession and occupation. The purpose ...
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Introduction: Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of referees' role in holding sports competitions and the impact of referees' decisions on the outcome of the game, little research has been done on various aspects of the referees' profession and occupation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees.Methods: The present research, was a descriptive-correlational study. For this purpose, 228 referees of team and individual sports completed the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees. First, using the open-translation method, the accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed, and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used, and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for the time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with the test-retest method was used.Results: The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than (0.90). Time reliability (0.76) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for self-efficacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained.Conclusion: Based on the results, the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees has structural validity and internal and temporal reliability desirable and acceptable for referees of team and individual sports and therefore can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the self-efficacy of Iranian referees.
Mahboubeh Sheikhzadeh; Robabeh Rostami; Davoud Fazeli
Abstract
Introduction: Motor imagery is one of the cognitive aspects of the tasks which is investigated as a factor affecting performance in many situations. Also, another cognitive dimension of tasks that researchers believe to play an important role in motor control and performance is mental representation. ...
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Introduction: Motor imagery is one of the cognitive aspects of the tasks which is investigated as a factor affecting performance in many situations. Also, another cognitive dimension of tasks that researchers believe to play an important role in motor control and performance is mental representation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between motor imagery ability and mental representation structure in basketball free throw.Methods: The design of this research was correlational and a convenient method of sampling was used. In this study, the Motor Imagery Questionnaire-Revised and Mental Representation Software were used as tools. The motor imagery ability of 60 female basketball players was measured and 10 participants with the highest (mean age: 16.3±2.05 years) and 10 participants with the lowest (mean age: 20.3±4.9 years) imagery ability were selected. Then, their mental representation was measured using mental representation software. The relationship between motor imagery ability and mental representation was analyzed using correlational analysis.Results: The results showed that the group with the highest motor imagery ability had a more structured mental representation which was more similar to that of criterion mental representation. Also, the results showed that there was a positive relationship between imagery and mental representation structure scores in both groups.Conclusion: These results were interpreted using the perceptual-cognitive approach. Also, these results were considered a piece of evidence for the top-down process of imagery. Achieving these results indicate that psychological skills training accompanied by technical skills training will have a critical contribution for the athletes to success in sports.
Rezvan Azimi; Behrouz Abdoli; Mohammad Ali Sanjari; Reza Khosrowabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Many studies evaluate the interaction between cognition and posture but the effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation ...
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Introduction: Many studies evaluate the interaction between cognition and posture but the effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control.Methods: Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) performed four random conditions while standing on a force platform. Conditions involved combinations of two level of cognitive task difficulty (easy and difficult cognitivetask) and two level of verbal response (simultaneous and final).Results: Two-way ANOVA (significant level P<0.05) results demonstrated marked increased in the standard deviation and area of 95% confidence ellipse of the center of pressure in the difficult cognitive task condition with simultaneous verbalresponse. (P<0.05). Also, in the final response condition, difficult cognitive task reduced area of 95% confidence ellipse.Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently,attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes. Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of cognitive task and articulation.Therefore, for designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of the difficulty and articulation of cognitive task.
Nasour Ahmadi; Mohammadali Aslankhani; Naser Naghdi
Abstract
Aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, so it is essential to identify appropriate strategies to prevent the decrease of motor and cognitive functions. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplement on motor activity and spatial learning in aged rats. ...
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Aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, so it is essential to identify appropriate strategies to prevent the decrease of motor and cognitive functions. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplement on motor activity and spatial learning in aged rats. 36 male Albino – Wistar aged rats were assigned to three groups of control, vitamin E and sham. E group received daily 100 mg (50 IU) of vitamin E per kg of body weight with 0.5 ml sesame oil via gavage during 8 weeks. Sham group received daily 0.5 ml sesame oil, but control group did not receive any treatment. After the end of the protocol, open – field and Morris water maze tests were used to respectively assess motor functions and spatial learning. Distance moved and movement speed was used to assess motor function and latency and distance moved to the find platform was used to assess spatial learning. Results showed that in motor function, there was no statistically significant difference among groups in distance moved and movement speed factors (P>0.05). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference among groups in all factors of spatial learning and memory (P>0.05). The results showed that vitamin E did not significantly influence motor and cognitive functions of aged rats. Vitamin E supplement appears not to be efficient in the aging period when antioxidant damages caused irreversible memory destruction.
Hamid Salehi; Zahra Zareie; Parisa Kalantari
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether the goalkeepers’ postures that mimic the Müller–Lyer illusion can influence penalty-takers’ perceptions and the location of throws. A representation of a goalkeeper was projected onto a blank screen (without goalposts ...
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The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether the goalkeepers’ postures that mimic the Müller–Lyer illusion can influence penalty-takers’ perceptions and the location of throws. A representation of a goalkeeper was projected onto a blank screen (without goalposts and crossbar). The goalkeeper was displayed in arms-up (45 degrees above horizon), arms-out (horizontal, as control), and arms-down (45 degrees below horizon) postures. Participants (11 young male handball players) performed two tasks. They stood in front of the screen at a distance of 5 m and observed the goalkeeper displayed in one of the three postures. The participants were asked either to throw a tennis ball, or aim a laser pointer at, the horizontal position of the goalkeeper’s hand. The horizontal distances of throwing and aiming locations were measured from the midline of the body of the goalkeeper model. The goalkeeper postures affected the locations of the throwing and aiming. The participants’ aiming and throwing tasks were found to be significantly farther from and closer in the arms-up and arms-down postures compared with the arms-out posture respectively. The experiment demonstrated that a goalkeeper adopting Müller–Lyer postures can influence his opponent’s perception of maximum reach and his motor behavior.
Ensiye Ghaeni; Ahmad Nikravan
Abstract
Compared to the individual training method, pair and participatory training method are methods in which people in groups of two or more contribute learning motor skills, and it seems that this method has the characteristics of an optimal educational environment increasing the efficiency and effectiveness ...
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Compared to the individual training method, pair and participatory training method are methods in which people in groups of two or more contribute learning motor skills, and it seems that this method has the characteristics of an optimal educational environment increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the training. The purpose of this study was to compare approaches of individual, pair and participatory training on learning of Shotokan karate. In this study, 36 female students aged 10-9 years were selected and divided into three groups after 12 sessions of initial training in HianShodan kata pre-test. Then, after 3 months of kata practice, by individual, pair and participatory practice, their performance was evaluated and a retention test was taken one week later. Statistical analysis of data was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance test. The test results showed that the participants' progress scores (F = 174.14, P = 0.001), the interaction of progress in the type of exercise (F = 5.1724, P = 0.001) and the difference between the exercise groups (F = 6.08, P = 0.006) is significant. The results of pairwise comparison showed that there is significant difference between individual and pair education groups; but difference between individual and group education groups was not significant. The pair training method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is more effective than traditional kata training methods in karate. In addition, this method of practice will be useful in the socio-emotional development of the learner.
Gholamali Ghasemi Kahrizsangi; Hamid Salehi; Lila Heydari
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a rhythmic motor program on the perceptual – motor abilities (PMA) and the intelligence quotient (IQ) of educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. The sample consisted of 24 EMR girls (mean age = 11.98+1.43 years and IQ = 70.58+ 9.95). Then, they ...
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a rhythmic motor program on the perceptual – motor abilities (PMA) and the intelligence quotient (IQ) of educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. The sample consisted of 24 EMR girls (mean age = 11.98+1.43 years and IQ = 70.58+ 9.95). Then, they were matched and assigned to two groups of intervention and control according to their IQ and PMA performance. The intervention group received an 8–week rhythmic motor program three sessions per week, 40–45 minutes per session. The data collection included pretest and posttest of the PMA (Oseretsky scale) and intelligence (Raven’s test) for all subjects. The results showed that the intervention group significantly improved (P>0.05) their PMA after the rhythmic motor program compared with the control group. It was concluded that the PMA of mentally retarded children can be improved with the application of a well-designed rhythmic motor program
Fatemeh Gharaei; Elahe Arabameri; Davood Huminiyan
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor and music enrichment of environment on the development of fine and gross motor movements in infants. 32 healthy infants (5 to 8 months old) participated in this study and were divided homogenously into four groups (each group 8 subjects): ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor and music enrichment of environment on the development of fine and gross motor movements in infants. 32 healthy infants (5 to 8 months old) participated in this study and were divided homogenously into four groups (each group 8 subjects): three experimental groups and one control group. Experimental groups had 36 training sessions, 60 minutes per session in their specific enriched environments. Infants in group A were assigned to a perceptual-motor and music enriched environment, infants in group B to a perceptual-motor enriched environment and infants in group C to a music enriched environment. Peabody motor development scale (second edition) was used to evaluate fine and gross motor skills. Data were analyzed using the variables of age equivalent of this scale. The obtained data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed a significant difference in mean age equivalent scores in gross motor movements (P=0.001) and in fine motor movements (P=0.001) between experimental and control groups. These findings showed that perceptual-motor and music experience had a positive effect on motor development generally and on age equivalents of fine and grossmotor movements specifically. In other words, environmental condition and experience were positive factors in fundamental and basic motor skill development in infants who participated in the three experimental groups.
Jalal Dehghanizade; Hasan Mohamadzade; Hadi Moradi
Abstract
Mental rotation is the ability to imagine how an object will look if rotated away from the orientation in comparison with the one which is actually presented. That is a component of spatial abilities. This research aimed at comparing mental rotation ability in those with motor and cognitive experiences. ...
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Mental rotation is the ability to imagine how an object will look if rotated away from the orientation in comparison with the one which is actually presented. That is a component of spatial abilities. This research aimed at comparing mental rotation ability in those with motor and cognitive experiences. The method of this research was causal-comparative and the sample was selected purposively. The sample included 60 boys with a mean age of 17.17 years (motor experience = 20 subjects in wrestling group, cognitive experience = 20 subjects in computer game group and without motor and cognitive experiences (control) = 20 subjects). Peters et al. Mental Rotation Test (version A) (1995) was used to compare mental rotation. The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the control group and wrestling group and also between the control group and PC game group (P≤0.01). There was no significant difference between wrestling and PC game groups in mental rotation (P>0.05). These findings indicated the positive effects of motor and cognitive experiences on cognitive development (mental rotation).
Robabeh Rostami; Gholam Hosein Nazem Zadegan; Sousan Jabbary
Abstract
Although many researches have investigated the benefits of music in sport, few researches have studied the effect of music on movement recall. Thus, this study aimed to identify the effect of motivational music on information recall during the performance of a wrestling skill sequence. 24 male athletes ...
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Although many researches have investigated the benefits of music in sport, few researches have studied the effect of music on movement recall. Thus, this study aimed to identify the effect of motivational music on information recall during the performance of a wrestling skill sequence. 24 male athletes (mean age 21.6±0.9 yr, height 176.4±6.1 cm and weight 67.5±8.4) were trained in 30 skills of free style wrestling during 8 weeks (2 sessions/week, 100min/session) in the acquisition phase. After 5 days of acquisition, a list of 10 skills with (1-3-2-3-1) chunk based on serial coded recall procedures were presented to the subjects and they were asked to recall and perform the list after 2 minutes. The subjects’ scores of performance were evaluated based on the main list and a score was allocated to performance sequence. Then, subjects were divided into two groups randomly. In posttest, another list was presented to the groups with the similar chunk but the only difference was that experimental group had music (BMRI form selected by subjects, MP3, 192 , tempo>120, volume 50% max of player system) concurrently with their performance. Data were analyzed by t student tests (dependent and paired and α=0.05). Findings showed that experimental group achieved higher scores in recall phase of freestyle wrestling techniques than the control group (p=0.007).It can be concluded that music as a motivational factor in recalling skill sequences can influence the performance of wrestling techniques when
Mahdi Rasekhi; Bahram Yousefi; Mohamad Aghdasi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 79-92
Abstract
Today physical researchers and teachers consider exercise as a key element to improve motor skills; it is also evident that changeability in practice for retention and performance skills is both proper and effective. The main idea of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of random and blocked ...
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Today physical researchers and teachers consider exercise as a key element to improve motor skills; it is also evident that changeability in practice for retention and performance skills is both proper and effective. The main idea of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of random and blocked practice methods on retention and performance ability of 12-year-old learners’ passing skills in the Danesh football academy of east Azerbaijan province. For this purpose, a sample of 24 boys were randomly selected and divided into two groups through balancing the means. They were then instructed, trained and finally took tests with reasonable validity and stability (side-pass = 0.86, inside-pass = 0.81 and out-pass= 0.79). The variables were random and blocked practice methods (independent) and retention and performance abilities (dependent). Descriptive statistics were used to classify data and prescriptive statistics to analyze data (T and U-Mann Whitney tests). Findings of this study showed a significant relationship between retention and performance abilities of passing skills in random and blocked methods (P
Robabeh Rostami; Gholamhossien Nazemzadegan; Sousan Jabbari
Abstract
Psychological and educational findings show that preschool years play a very
important role in educating and developing children. One of the dimensions of
development is motor development. The survey of motor performance with respect
to anthropometric characteristic is of utmost importance. Thus, ...
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Psychological and educational findings show that preschool years play a very
important role in educating and developing children. One of the dimensions of
development is motor development. The survey of motor performance with respect
to anthropometric characteristic is of utmost importance. Thus, the aim of this
study was to survey the relationship between dimensional anthropometric
characteristic and motor performance and to determine the difference in motor
performance in all preschool children from Shiraz city (157 boys and girls aged
between 3 and 6). The method of this research was analytical descriptive.
Demographic information form, (AC) recording sheet and motor performance test
were used to collect data. One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and t
test were used to analyze the data. The results showed significant differences
between girls and boys in vertical jump (F=25.47, df=2, P?0.000) and horizontal
jump (F=14.15, df=2, P?0.000). 5-year-old subjects were stronger in vertical jump
and 4-year-old subjects in horizontal jump. Also, boys were better in vertical jump
(t=1.70, df=155, P?0.008) and ball throwing (t=1.98, df=155, P?0.030). In
investigation of the relationship between dimensional AC and motor performance,
weight and length dimension showed the highest relationship. The results showed
the gradual increment of muscular strength parallel with age. Gender difference
observed in some variables necessitates more research. It is suggested that other
samples and tools be used in anthropometric characteristics.
Seyed Kavoos Salehi; Davood Homenian; Mahdi Zarghami; Sadegh Satari Fard
Abstract
Learning motor tasks is one of the fundamental attributes of mankind'sexperiences and is a collection of sensitive, cognitive and motor processes. Manyof complex motor behaviors are performed based on a type of order or sequence.In the present study, the developmental differences in motor sequence learningwere ...
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Learning motor tasks is one of the fundamental attributes of mankind'sexperiences and is a collection of sensitive, cognitive and motor processes. Manyof complex motor behaviors are performed based on a type of order or sequence.In the present study, the developmental differences in motor sequence learningwere examined in three groups of children (age range 7,8,10 yr) and one controlgroup of adults. For this purpose, the professional software of sequential stimuli,time record and response error was designed in C++. 48 right-handed participants(3 groups of 12 children and 1 group of 12 adults) who were healthy in theirnervous system and had no prior experience of the mentioned task participated inthis study. The intervention included 10 stages (8 stages for acquisition and 2stages for retention). Performance was assessed by examining changes in accuracyand response coordination. The data were analyzed with factor analysis ofvariance and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results showed a developmentalprogression in motor sequence learning in all groups. Interestingly, differentdevelopmental trajectories were observed in response accuracy and coordination.There was a significant difference in response accuracy between 7,8-year-oldgroups and adults and 10-year-old groups in the acquisition phase but nosignificant difference was observed between adults and 10-year-old-group. Forresponse coordination, adults responded to the stimuli more synchronously than allchildren and 10-year-old group responded more quickly than 6-year-old group. Inthe retention test, for response accuracy, 10-year-old group's performance wassimilar to adults and for response coordination, adults performed more
synchronously than all groups but 7-year-old group had a delay in responsecoordination compared to the other groups. Overall, the differences observed inresponse accuracy and coordination was consistent with the hypothesis thataccuracy may rely on cortical pathways that show their greatest maturationbetween ages of 7 and 10 whereas coordination may rely on subcortical pathwaysthat continue to develop into young adulthood. The findings suggested that in onehand, various aspects of motor development influence motor learning and on theother hand during the learning of different components of a task, parameters thatare more difficult with regard to motor control ( for example responsecoordination) are acquired and maintained in a longer process.
Razieh Khanmohamadi; Hasan Khalaji; Reza Yousefi
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have become interested in examining the effect of PETTLEP imagery on motor performance and how PETTLEP imagery can improve the performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of PETTLEP imagery and balance practice on dynamic balance in the elderly. Participants ...
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In recent years, researchers have become interested in examining the effect of PETTLEP imagery on motor performance and how PETTLEP imagery can improve the performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of PETTLEP imagery and balance practice on dynamic balance in the elderly. Participants were 42 male elderly in Arak city. They were divided into 4 groups based on the scores of dynamic balance pretest. In order to measure dynamic balance, Bass and Star Balance tests were used. Homogeneous training groups included PETTLEP imagery, balance practice, mixed practice (balance practice and PETTLEP imagery practice) and control group. All groups except for the control group practiced 3 sessions (each session 45 min.) a week for 6 weeks. MANOVA with repeated measures was used to analyze the data (P≤0.01). Results showed the mixed and balance practice groups significantly improved in Bass and Star dynamic balance (P=0.000, P=0.001, P=0.000, P=0.000). PETTLEP imagery and control groups showed no significant improvement in Bass and Star dynamic balance (P=0.24, P=0.53, P=0.36, P=0.28). Also, the mixed group had more improvement in Bass and Star dynamic balance than balance practice group (P=0.002, P=0.004). Overall, these results showed that PETTLEP imagery practice along with physical training improved dynamic balance in male elderly, but PETTLEP imagery alone did not affect the improvement of dynamic balance in the male elderly.
Malihe Rezae; Maryam Nezakatalhosseini; Rokhsareh Badami
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of shadow play on preschool children's fundamental movement skills. In this quasi-experimental study with pretest/posttest design and a control group, 28 girls and boys (6 years old) were selected by convenience sampling method from ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of shadow play on preschool children's fundamental movement skills. In this quasi-experimental study with pretest/posttest design and a control group, 28 girls and boys (6 years old) were selected by convenience sampling method from children in a preschool and were randomly divided into the experimental group (5 girls & 9 boys) and the control group (5 girls & 9 boys). For 10 weeks (three 45-minute sessions), the experimental group performed the shadow play and the control group had their routine activities of preschool. The pretest and the posttest were administered by "the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Test (M-ABC)". This test consisted of three subtests of manual dexterity, ball skills and balance skills. Analysis of data was performed by covariance analysis (α=0.05). The results showed that 10 weeks of shadow play had a significant effect on subtests of manual dexterity, balance skills and the total score of fundamental skills but had no significant effects on ball skills. Findings of this study showed that shadow play may improve preschool children's fundamental movement skills.
Hamid Salehi; Somayeh Shahdousti; Mehdi Rafaei Boroujeni; Maryam Nezakatalhosaini
Abstract
To create more efficient learning environments, the learner’s role and his/her influence on the learning process should be considered. The aim of this study was to determine the way self-controlled practice affected performance and learning of motor patterns. 60 female undergraduate students (mean ...
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To create more efficient learning environments, the learner’s role and his/her influence on the learning process should be considered. The aim of this study was to determine the way self-controlled practice affected performance and learning of motor patterns. 60 female undergraduate students (mean age = 20.73 yr., SD = 2.98) were randomly assigned to four groups that ordered self-controlled practice or three yoked-to-self-controlled. In the acquisition phase, the self-controlled group was told they could choose whichever of three motor patterns they wanted before they practiced each trial. Each self-controlled participant’s practice schedule was served as the predetermined practice schedule for each corresponding participant in the yoked control groups. The yoked control participants practiced the tasks with high, low, or no (classic yoked-control) variability. The results showed that the self-controlled group performed the tasks faster than the other yoked control groups in both the acquisition phase and the retention tests. The findings suggest that if the learners are allowed to choose the sequence of practice in multiple motor skills, this would have facilitating effects on their performance and motor learning.
Maryam Nezakatalhosseini; Ahmadreza Movahedi; Hamid Salehi
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 81-101
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-control feedback on relative and absolute timing through observational and physical practices. Participants (n=90) were randomly assigned to physical and observational practice (self-control, yoked, and instructor KR) groups. They practiced ...
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-control feedback on relative and absolute timing through observational and physical practices. Participants (n=90) were randomly assigned to physical and observational practice (self-control, yoked, and instructor KR) groups. They practiced a sequential timing task, which required participants to press four keys (2, 6, 8, and 4) respectively with regard to relative and absolute timing. Self-control group received KR about the model's performance whenever they requested it whereas the other groups (yoked, instructor) had no control on the feedback schedules. They performed 72 trials during the acquisition phase and 12 trials in retention and transfer phases. ANOVA with repeated measures and a multi-factorial ANOVA were conducted to analyze the collected data. The results demonstrated that during the acquisition phase, relative timing errors were lower in the self-control and instructor groups. During the retention and transfer phases, relative timing errors were lower for the self-control compared with the yoked and instructor groups. In addition, during the retention and transfer phase, absolute timing errors were lower for the yoked compared with the self-control group.
Jamal Fazel
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 81-98
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare big five personality traits between male and female athletes and non-athletes. 200 athlete and non-athlete students (100 men and 100 women) were selected by simple random sampling method as the sample of the study. The subjects completed NEO – FFI. The data were ...
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The aim of this study was to compare big five personality traits between male and female athletes and non-athletes. 200 athlete and non-athlete students (100 men and 100 women) were selected by simple random sampling method as the sample of the study. The subjects completed NEO – FFI. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16, two-way ANOVA to determine the differences among the groups and Tukey post hoc test to compare and determine the mean difference between each two groups. The results showed a significant difference among groups in neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness while no difference was observed among groups in flexibility. Also, there was no significant difference in neuroticism and flexibility between gender and sportsmanship while there was a significant difference in extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Shida Ehsani; Elahe Arabameri; Ahmad Farokhi; Rasoul Zeydabadi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2009, , Pages 87-102
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled (SC) and instructor-controlled (IC) feedbacks on the acquisition of dart motor skill using videotape feedback. For this purpose, 200 female volunteer students of University of Tehran participated in this research. After ...
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled (SC) and instructor-controlled (IC) feedbacks on the acquisition of dart motor skill using videotape feedback. For this purpose, 200 female volunteer students of University of Tehran participated in this research. After the questioners had been filled out, 36 individuals were randomly selected from 152 qualified participants. After a 10-trial pretest, they were divided into three groups: SC, IC, and Yoked group. The SC group received videotape feedback whenever they asked for it; the IC group after 5 trails, and the yoked group at the points that SF group received it. All the groups were videotaped. Practice phase consisted of 100 trials including 10 10-trail blocks. Retention and transfer tests were carried out 48 hours later. Foe data analysis, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures and Tukey test were used and EXCEL software was used to draw the plots. The results showed that the type of feedback had a significant effect on the form and accuracy of dart motor skill in acquisition, retention and transfer (P
Alireza Saberi; Hosien Samadi; Alireza Farsi; Korosh Ghahraman; Hamid Sedaghat
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 91-114
Abstract
This research was performed to monitor the effects of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and timing parameter in a serial task. For this purpose, 80 participants (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily participated in this research and then they were divided randomly ...
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This research was performed to monitor the effects of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and timing parameter in a serial task. For this purpose, 80 participants (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily participated in this research and then they were divided randomly into 4 groups: blocked, random, blocked-random and random-blocked. This test included performance of serial tasks with different generalized motor programs (spatial dimension variance) and variable timing parameter. The participants accomplished 108 trials (pretest) and participated in retention and transfer tests. After these tests, the amount of relative timing error (measure of consistency and proficiency of generalized motor program) and absolute timing error (measure of accuracy and proficiency of parameterization) was calculated. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference (P?0.05) among practice schedules in the acquisition phase, but in transfer and retention phases, despite the relative priority of combined practice groups, there was no significant difference among the groups.
Jamil Mansouri; Reza Rostami; Ahmad Shahvaroughi; Sadegh Ranjbar
Abstract
Many techniques have been invented to enhance sport performance which nowadays are used by athletes in different sport fields. Among these techniques, neurofeedback as a noninvasive brain method has received much attention. The present study was conducted to report research results of athletes’ ...
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Many techniques have been invented to enhance sport performance which nowadays are used by athletes in different sport fields. Among these techniques, neurofeedback as a noninvasive brain method has received much attention. The present study was conducted to report research results of athletes’ discrete skills by convenience sampling method. English articles were searched by keywords like “neurofeedback”, “EEG neurofedback”, “sport performance”, “athletic performance”, “shooting performance”, “archery”, “putting performance” and “golf” to collect data. The articles were collected from PsycINFO, PubMed, web of science, EBSCO and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to 2018. Persian articles were searched with same keywords in SID, Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc databases from 2001 to 2020. 16 articles had the inclusion criteria of the research and were selected. Then, the information of each article was extracted and reported in findings by an author using a specific checklist. Results showed that different recruited neurofeedback protocols in any study could affect the results of interventions and it is necessary to pay attention to this method in athletes. Based on these findings, neurofeedback training has positive effectiveness on enhancing sport performance in athletes.