Abdalrahman Khezry; Elahe Arab Ameri; Rasoul Hammayattalab
Abstract
Aging is a crucial period in human life and it is a social necessity to pay attention to the issues and needs of this stage of life. The aim of the current study was to study the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on reaction time and response time of the active and inactive elderly. The research method ...
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Aging is a crucial period in human life and it is a social necessity to pay attention to the issues and needs of this stage of life. The aim of the current study was to study the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on reaction time and response time of the active and inactive elderly. The research method was causal-comparative and its statistical population consisted of the elderly from Mahabad city and 60 subjects were voluntarily selected and assigned to two active and inactive groups. After determining the levels of BMI, subjects of each group were divided into three levels of low, medium and high BMI and their reaction time and response time were measured. The results of t test showed that the reaction time (P=0.000) and response time (P=0.000) of the active group were significantly shorter than the inactive group. On the other hand, the results of one-way ANOVA test (to compare the reaction time between active (P=0.623) and inactive (P=0.115) elderly at different levels of BMI) showed no significant difference. For the response time, the results of one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference among active elderly (P=0.576), but there was a statistically significant difference among the inactive elderly (P=0.000). Tukey post hoc test showed that in the inactive group, those subjects with low BMI had significantly shorter response time than the subjects with medium (P=0.001) and high (P=0.000) levels of BMI. The difference between the subjects with medium and high BMI levels (P=0.669) was not significant. The results of this study showed that those individuals with low level of BMI had shorter response time than those with higher level of BMI. Overall, BMI is an effective factor for theelderly's response time and the elderly should desirably maintain their BMI by sufficient physical activity.
Mehdi Shahbazi; Aboalfazl Shayan; Ali Samadi; Zahra Nemati
Abstract
There are evidences in both animal and human studies which show that exercise has beneficial effects on the central nervous system and cognition. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise on memory and probable mechanisms of this effect (i.e. neurotrophic factors) ...
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There are evidences in both animal and human studies which show that exercise has beneficial effects on the central nervous system and cognition. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise on memory and probable mechanisms of this effect (i.e. neurotrophic factors) in sedentary students. 30 sedentary students (mean age, 23.8±1.6 yr) were randomly divided into two groups: control and resistance. After blood sampling and memory test, they continued their exercises for 5 weeks based on the resistance training protocol. In the end, at least 48 hours after the last training session, the memory test and blood samples were collected in order to eliminate the temporary effects of exercises. For analysis of the data, Covariance test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used (P≥0.05). Results showed that resistance exercises significantly increased memory score (P<0.05). Although BDNF significantly increased after the exercises, the exercises did not influence the expression of any neurotrophic factors (P˂0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between variations of memory scores and variations of expression of neurotrophic factors (P˂0.05). The findings indicated that exercise can improve memory.
Mohammad Ali Salianeh; Rasoul Hemayattalab; Mahmoud Sheikh; Naser Naghdi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of forced physical exercise with moderate intensity on Alzheimer-induced amnesia in adult male rats. 48 male Wistar- Albino rats were randomly selected and assigned to 6 groups (n=8 per group): control, placebo (saline), drug-exercise, saline-exercise, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of forced physical exercise with moderate intensity on Alzheimer-induced amnesia in adult male rats. 48 male Wistar- Albino rats were randomly selected and assigned to 6 groups (n=8 per group): control, placebo (saline), drug-exercise, saline-exercise, exercise and exercise-drug. In this study, Dicyclomine (16 mg/kg) was used to induce Alzheimer-like amnesia and moderate exercise (60 minutes per day × 30 days). The rats were trained and tested using Morris water maze. The findings showed that the group receiving Dicyclomine increased delay in reaching the platform in acquisition (P=0.044) and recall (P=0.031) compared with exercise, control and saline groups. But there were no significant differences between exercise and exercise-saline groups compared with exercise-Dicyclomine group. Also, a significant difference (delay in reaching the platform) was observed between Dicyclomine-exercise, saline-exercise compared with Dicyclomine in acquisition (P=0.005) and recall (P=0.002). In conclusion, this study showed that memory and learning in the acquisition and recall phases were destroyed by Dicyclomine and 30 sessions of moderate-intensity running (forced) could prevent memory corruption.
Shahab Parvinpour; Mahmood Sheikh; Rasol Hemayattalab; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Dyad training is a method in which pair groups participate in learning motor skills and it seems that it could be characterized as an optimal instructional environment through enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of training conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect ...
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Dyad training is a method in which pair groups participate in learning motor skills and it seems that it could be characterized as an optimal instructional environment through enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of training conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of dyad training on learning front crawl swimming. Twenty 7-10-year-old boys were assigned to two groups of dyad and individual training (each group 10 subjects). After receiving instructions and observing the perfect skill, subjects were paired; one half entered the water to perform the required skill and the other half stayed outside and like a coach gave his partner a feedback on his performance after observing his trial. After some trials, they exchanged their roles. However, after receiving instructions and observing the perfect model, all children in individual group entered the water and simultaneously performed the required skill. In the retention test, each child’s 10 m swimming was filmed and these clips were evaluated by 2 federation coaches using front crawl swimming checklist. The inter class correlation coefficient was 0.90. The results of retention test showed a significant difference between dyad and individual groups (P<0.05). So it can be concluded that dyad training method is not only economical in terms of energy consumption and instructional environment but also more effective compared with the traditional swimming instruction methods.
Parvaneh Shamsipour Dehkordi; Behrouz Abdoli; Mehdi Namazizadeh; Hassan Ashayeri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of time courses of interference and retention test on implicit motor memory consolidation. 60 right-handed female students who had cognitive, mental and physical health and novice at performing alternating serial reaction time task (ASRTT) and serial color ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of time courses of interference and retention test on implicit motor memory consolidation. 60 right-handed female students who had cognitive, mental and physical health and novice at performing alternating serial reaction time task (ASRTT) and serial color matching task (SCMT) (mean age=21.95+1.95 years) were randomly divided into three groups of interference with distances of 6, 24 and 72 hours after the practice session. In the acquisition phase, all groups practiced the ASRTT in 25 blocks of 80 trials in one day. Then, they participated in the second interference task (SCMT) 6, 24 and 72 hours after the practice session and participated in the retention test 24 hours later. In the acquisition phase, subjects’ performance improved with an increase in the practice trials and they had better performance in the 5th practice block (P<0.001). In retention test, there was no significant difference between mean reaction time in the 5th practice block and retention test of the first group (interference with the 6 hours distance). There was a significant difference between mean reaction time in the 5th practice block and retention test of the second group (interference with the 24 hours distance) and the third group (interference with 72 hours distance). The third group (interference of 72 hours distance) had the best performance while the first group (interference with the 6 hours distance) had the weakest performance. Therefore, the interference distances of 24 and 72 hours after the acquisition session led to memory consolidation.
Fazlollah Bagherzadeh; Fatemeh Mirakhori; Morteza Pourazar
Abstract
Self-controlled feedback is a kind of augmented feedback which is represented by the request of learner. The aim of the present study was to compare self–control and instructor-control feedbacks after good and poor trials on acquisition and learning of a throwing task in children with cerebral ...
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Self-controlled feedback is a kind of augmented feedback which is represented by the request of learner. The aim of the present study was to compare self–control and instructor-control feedbacks after good and poor trials on acquisition and learning of a throwing task in children with cerebral palsy. 60 children with cerebral palsy (age range: 7-12 years old) were selected by convenience sampling method from special schools in Tehran city. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: instructor-control feedback after good trials, instructor-control feedback after poor trials, and self-control feedback. At the end of the acquisition phase, participants of self–control group were divided into 2 groups (self–control feedback after good trials and self–control feedback after poor trails). One-way ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test were used at (P<0.05). In the acquisition phase, no significant differences were observed among the groups (P=0.64). But self-control feedback group after good trials outperformed all groups in retention (P=0.001) and transfer (P=0.001) phases. In instructor-control condition, among those participants receiving feedback after good trials and in feedback received after poor trials condition, self-control subjects showed more progress. Thus, due to the low capacity of information processing in children, motivational role of feedback in self-control condition and after good trials leads to their better learning.
Masoud Zahiry; Mehdi Shahbazi; Yadollah Binandeh
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus. ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus. For data analysis independent t-test,ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used at the significant level of 0/05. Findings suggested no significant difference between boys and girls in coincidence anticipation timing task (p=0/289) and the lowest timing error in a blue background and also significant difference timing errors were observed between the blue background, with other color (P=0/001 and F(2,59)=22/17). The results of this study indicate that gender does not affect on the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the performance in background color blue can reduce timing errors in predicting the spatial and temporal stimuli. In genral the results of this study indicated that gender didn,t affect the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the blue background color would facilitate the performance and effectiveon reduce errors timing in stimuli predicting spatially and temporally.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus.
Mohammad Bagher Aali; Mehdi Shahbazi; – Mohammad Sohbatiha
Abstract
Self-talk is one of the psychological factors influencing the improvement and success of motor performance. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of motivational self-talk on bimanual coordination of university students. 24 students of physical education (12 females and 12 males, mean ...
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Self-talk is one of the psychological factors influencing the improvement and success of motor performance. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of motivational self-talk on bimanual coordination of university students. 24 students of physical education (12 females and 12 males, mean age = 22.62 and SD = 2.081) were selected by convenience sampling method. After the pretest, subjects were divided into two homogeneous groups of motivational self-talk and no self-talk using bimanual coordination tester. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics including independent t test and paired t test were used at 0.05 significance level. Results showed that self-talk improved the coordination performance significantly (p < 0.05). Also, the female group had a significantly better precision in bimanual coordination (p < 0.05) and the male group had a significantly better speed in bimanual coordination (p < 0.05). But, there was a significant difference between boys and girls in self-talk group in the posttest (p < 0.05). According to these findings, it is suggested that motivational self-talk should be used to improve and promote bimanual coordination performance.
Ali Fathizadeh; Mehdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.Methods: Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.Methods: Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms of performance level. In the beginning, participants' ability and past experiments in motor imagery were assessed. Then, they took part in a quasi-experimental design of one of three strategic imagery, movement imagery, or control groups. Each person immediately after combatting with an opponent performed the required action depending on the group and finally competed against the same previous opponent, again.Results: The results showed that karatekas had excellent imagery ability, especially in preserving the temporal characteristics of the movement, and at the past competitions, specifically before their matches, they had used both cognitive-general and cognitive-specific imagery. Also, the nonparametric analysis demonstrated that in the quasi-experimental design, the strategic imagery group gained a higher point difference during the post-test, however, the movement imagery or control group did not differ significantly.Conclusion: The research findings revealed that strategic imagery has more advantages compared to skill imagery, suggesting that strategies of play can be used between the matches as an effective factor in sports success.
Morteza Pourazar; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Davoud Houmanian
Abstract
Defects such as spasm, concurrent muscle activity, muscle weakness, and range of motion affect the fine and fine motor function of children with cerebral palsy and lead to movement limitations. Despite the potential of using virtual reality in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy, few studies ...
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Defects such as spasm, concurrent muscle activity, muscle weakness, and range of motion affect the fine and fine motor function of children with cerebral palsy and lead to movement limitations. Despite the potential of using virtual reality in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy, few studies have been conducted in this area.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of movement practices in virtual reality environment on range of motion in cerebral palsy children. Twenty children 7-12 years old with cerebral palsy were selected by a convenience sampling method. Participants were homogeneously placed in experimental and control groups based on the average scores. The experimental group performed bowling practice in virtual environment for 3 weeks, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Xbox device and universal goniometer were used as instruments. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Analyze of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used at p < 0.05 level. Based on MACNOVA test results, there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups at least in one dependent variable (shoulder, elbow, & wrist range of motion) (F = 96/43, p= 0/001). Based on the results of ANCOVA test, experimental group achieved higher averages in shoulder, elbow and wrist range of motion than control group. Virtual reality technology can be used as a treatment approach for improving upper extremity range of motion in children with hemiplegic cerebral Palsy.
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ahmad Nikravan; Ahmad Jafari
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2009, , Pages 5-19
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect pf weight-bearing exercise and calcium supplement invention programs on femur bone mineral density in children. For this purpose, 32 subjects were selected voluntarily from Rahe Zafar kindergarten. These children had the intervention program for ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect pf weight-bearing exercise and calcium supplement invention programs on femur bone mineral density in children. For this purpose, 32 subjects were selected voluntarily from Rahe Zafar kindergarten. These children had the intervention program for 5 months. Calcium consumption questionnaire and density evaluation apparatus (DEXA) were used to collect the data. One-way ANOVA and dependent t-test were used to analyze the data. The mean difference between pre and post test was significant in all groups (weight-bearing exercise and calcium consumption t=4.919, sig=0.002; weight-bearing exercise t=6.232, sig=0.00; calcium consumption t=7.86, sig=0.00; and control t=5.499, sig=0.002). Totally, the comparison of BMD scores in groups showed a significant difference in mean scores of all groups (F=3.981, sig=0.019.) Tukey test showed a significant mean difference between 1 and 2 groups with control group. These results emphasized that childhood and adolescence play a crucial role in forming bones. They also emphasized this theory about bones that: “Bones respond to receiving loads by enhancing minerals”.
Mehdi Shahbazi; Mahmud Sheikh; Naser Naghdi; A Farokhi; Anoushirvan Kazem nejad; Shazad Tahmasbi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 5-25
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of two kinds of diet (zinc deficiency and iron deficiency) on some anthropometrical indexes (body weight and crown-rump length), brain growth and motor function in young rats. Adult male and female albino wistar rats were obtained from the breeding ...
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The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of two kinds of diet (zinc deficiency and iron deficiency) on some anthropometrical indexes (body weight and crown-rump length), brain growth and motor function in young rats. Adult male and female albino wistar rats were obtained from the breeding colony of Pasteur Institute, Iran. The female albino rats were mated with normal male rats. After delivery, 40 male rats per group were selected. In order to measure physical and brain growth a special caliper (0.01 mm) and electronic balances (0.0001 g) were used. The instruments for motor function evaluation were Morris Water Maze and Open Field Arena. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc analyses were carried out by Tukey’s test (P?0.05). There were significant effects of iron and zinc deficiency on serum iron and zinc level. The results showed that serum iron and zinc concentration after the diet (contrary to the condition before diet) in ZnD and FeD groups were significant. There was a significant difference in some anthropometrical indexes (body weight, crown-rump length) and motor function between ZnD, FeD and control groups but there was no significant difference in brain weight between ZnD, FeD and control groups. The results of this study suggest that sufficient zinc and iron affect motor function as well as physical and brain growth.
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ali Moradi; Mohammad Reza Boroumand; Ruqiya Fakhrpour
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 5-22
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare block, random and randomized block training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serves. For this purpose, 34 students of Shomal university were selected randomly and after primary rules of volleyball were explained and instructed and pretest ...
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The purpose of this research was to compare block, random and randomized block training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serves. For this purpose, 34 students of Shomal university were selected randomly and after primary rules of volleyball were explained and instructed and pretest was performed, they were divided into 3 groups (block, random and randomized block training). The subjects participated in 15 practice sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions each week). After the training sessions, posttests including acquisition test (exactly at the end of the last session), retention and transfer tests (after one week) were performed. Kolmogorov – Smirnov (K-S) test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the acquisition stage, the block group significantly had better performance than the others. But in the retention test, there was no significant difference among groups. Meanwhile, the randomized-block group had significantly better performance in the transfer test.
Ali Zadehmohammadi; Zohreh Ahmadabadi; Somaye Ahmadabadi; Mehdi Rafeie Borojeni
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 5-24
Abstract
Substance abuse, violation and sexual behavior are the main reasons of fatality in adolescents and the youth. Most risky behaviors including cigarettes, alcohol, drugs and unsafe sexual contacts occur under the age of 18. Traditionally, sport is regarded as a means to encourage and develop healthy behaviors ...
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Substance abuse, violation and sexual behavior are the main reasons of fatality in adolescents and the youth. Most risky behaviors including cigarettes, alcohol, drugs and unsafe sexual contacts occur under the age of 18. Traditionally, sport is regarded as a means to encourage and develop healthy behaviors and a factor to protect and prevent risky behaviors. The present study studied 406 students including 271 male and 135 female students to compare the vulnerability of male and female athlete and non-athlete adolescents to risky behaviors such as smoking, drugs and alcohol. Iranian Adolescence Risk-Taking Scale (IARS) was used to measure the risk taking (Zadeh Mohammadi & Ahmadabadi, 2008). Those adolescents who have been a member of athletic teams had higher mean in subscale ‘drinking alcohol’. Those athletes who participated in provincial competitions and higher levels, those who engaged more than three sessions a week in sport teams and those athletes who attended sport camps had a higher mean. Also, there was no significant difference between individual and group sports. When explaining the higher levels of risk-taking in those who were members of athletic teams and clubs , factors such as duality, and the difficulty in playing the role of a student and an athlete simultaneously, camp condition, lack of sufficient control over members’ behaviors except when they are playing, peers’ collective norms, normative pressure to conform with various expectations of the team, lack of scientific attitude towards school athletic organizations in Iran, and concurrent influence of personality features like sensation and novelty sought in tendencies toward sport and risky behaviors can be taken into account.
Kayvan Norouzi; Hassan Khalaji; Mahmodd Sheikh; Hakimeh Akbari
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 5-21
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected motor program (as a motor experience) on manipulative skills in 4-6-year-old boys. 40 subjects were selected randomly using a personal information questionnaire. After the pretest, the Ulrich's test of Gross Motor Development (2000) ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected motor program (as a motor experience) on manipulative skills in 4-6-year-old boys. 40 subjects were selected randomly using a personal information questionnaire. After the pretest, the Ulrich's test of Gross Motor Development (2000) including fundamental motor skills, locomotors skills, manipulative skills and controlling instruments was used and the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of selected motor program (age: 58.9 months, SD: 8.57); one of these groups experienced the activities of researcher's selected motor program 24 sessions, 30 minutes per session while the other group (control) enjoyed their casual activities. After 24 sessions, two groups participated in the posttest. To test the hypotheses, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent and dependent t student tests were used. The results showed that a selected motor program had more effects on the development of manipulative skills when compared with casual activities (P
Mohammadali Besharat; Davood Homanian; mohammadhossein Ghahramani; Behnam Naghi Poor Givi
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 5-27
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to examine the mediation effect of sport self-efficacy on the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and competitive anxiety in a sample of Iranian athletes. 233 volunteer athletes (145 boys, 88 girls) from different sport fields participated in this study. ...
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The main aim of the present study was to examine the mediation effect of sport self-efficacy on the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and competitive anxiety in a sample of Iranian athletes. 233 volunteer athletes (145 boys, 88 girls) from different sport fields participated in this study. All participants were required to complete the Competitive Perfectionism Scale (CPS), the Multidimensional Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire (MCAQ) and the Sport Self – Efficacy Scale (SSES). The results revealed that striving for perfection (positive perfectionism) was negatively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety, and positively associated with self – confidence. The results also revealed that negative reaction to imperfection (negative perfectionism) was positively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety, and negatively associated with self – confidence. Analysis of the data revealed that sport self – efficacy mediated the relationship between positive and negative dimensions of perfectionism and competitive anxiety.
Hasan Mohammadzadeh; Mandana Heydari
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the probable relationship of failure and success with self-efficacy expectations in learning shooting skill. The subjects were 63 physical education students of Urmia University who were assigned to two experimental and one control group. The subjects received training ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the probable relationship of failure and success with self-efficacy expectations in learning shooting skill. The subjects were 63 physical education students of Urmia University who were assigned to two experimental and one control group. The subjects received training in air-rifle shooting for one day and practiced it for three days. At the end of each practice session, the first experimental group received verbal feedback regarding their successful performance (high score and low error). The second experimental group received verbal feedback regarding their failure (low score and high error). The control group did not receive any feedback. At the end of final training session and after 48 hours of detraining, the subjects performed the criteria task as performance and retention tests. During the retention phase (before they performed criteria task), the subjects filled out self-efficacy questionnaire of Bandura and Adams (1997). The questionnaire included one open-ended question on the main reason for the subjects’ performance and five other questions on predicting their performance in retention test. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to determine the differences resulted from research variables. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to determine significant relationships of predicted and the real performance (?=0.05). The findings showed that the control and the failed groups had weaker performance than the successful group. Further analysis indicated that the level and the power of the perceived self-efficacy were significant and higher among the members of the successful group compared to the failed and the control group. In addition, the relationship between predicted performance and the real performance was significant only in the successful group. The findings supported Bandura’s theory regarding the effects of successful experiences on improving self-efficacy.
Nasrin Parsaei; Behrooz Abdoli; Mohammadkazem Vaez Musavi; Mohammadali Aslankhani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to predict expert archers’ performance on the basis of
psychological factors such as arousal, activation, anxiety, motivation and
personality characteristics with an emphasis on extraversion / introversion
dimension. In this predictive correlation study, 34 expert archers ...
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The aim of this study was to predict expert archers’ performance on the basis of
psychological factors such as arousal, activation, anxiety, motivation and
personality characteristics with an emphasis on extraversion / introversion
dimension. In this predictive correlation study, 34 expert archers were randomly
selected as the sample of the study out of the archers of national team (statistical
population). Skin conductance level was measured to assess arousal. To determine
trait anxiety, Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) and for state anxiety,
Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) were used. Sport Motivation Scale
(SMS) was used to determine motivation. Extraversion / introversion level was
measured by eysenck personality questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient
was used to determine the level of correlation and linear multivariate regression
was used to predict subjects’ performance. The results indicated a significant
positive relationship between subjects’ performance and arousal, activation,
motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic) and extraversion / introversion whereas there was
no significant relationship between their performance and anxiety (trait, cognitive,
somatic) and consequently they could not predict performance. Also, the results
revealed that arousal and activation (P
Zahra Estiri; Elaheh Arab Ameri; Rasoul Hamayat Talab; Mahmoud Shiekh; Elaheh Hejazi; Roza Rahavi; Ali Chashmi
Abstract
There is no doubt that augmented feedback has an important role in improvinglearning. However, it is the content of the feedback which is challenging. The aimof the present study was to examine the effect of feedback on successful versusunsuccessful trials on simple and complex tracking tasks. For this ...
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There is no doubt that augmented feedback has an important role in improvinglearning. However, it is the content of the feedback which is challenging. The aimof the present study was to examine the effect of feedback on successful versusunsuccessful trials on simple and complex tracking tasks. For this purpose, 48undergraduate right-handed male and female students of Hakim Sabzevari TeacherTraining University (mean age = 23+1.8 yr) were selected from those students whohad taken general physical education course and were randomly divided into fourgroups (N=12) of feedback on successful and unsuccessful trials in simple andcomplex tasks. The tracking task was designed in two levels (simple and complex)in a computer software format to be performed by the participants with maximumspeed and the lowest number of errors. During the acquisition phase, participantsperformed 7 blocks of 6 trials in 8 days and they received feedback on two trials.The method of research was quasi–experimental and ANOVA for multiple factors,analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test (P˂0.05)were used for data analysis. The results showed that in the acquisition test, themain effects of trial days and task complexity (in movement time) were significant.These factors did not significantly influence movement error and their interaction.In immediate retention test, the effects of the type of task and feedback (inmovement time) were significant while these factors did not significantly influencemovement error and their interaction. In delayed retention test, the effect of thetype of task was significant in movement time and movement error. The types offeedback and task were significant in transfer test (in movement time) and thesefactors and their interactions were not significant in movement error. The resultssuggested that the types of feedback and task can be regarded as effectiveindependent factors in learning. The types of feedback and task were more effectivefor movement time.
Mohammad Taghi Khorand
Abstract
Relaxation is one of the important mental skills in physical education and sportsactivities. Relationship between relaxation and rhythmic exercises with anemphasis on flexibility-functional mechanisms of nervous system has receivedattention in recent studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate ...
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Relaxation is one of the important mental skills in physical education and sportsactivities. Relationship between relaxation and rhythmic exercises with anemphasis on flexibility-functional mechanisms of nervous system has receivedattention in recent studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectof rhythmic exercises on deepening the relaxation of national judo athletes. Forthis purpose, 30 male athletes of judo national team participated in this study andwere divided into three groups: one control and two experimental groups. Thesubjects practiced the training protocol for three months and the data wererecorded and then analyzed by SCL (Skin Conduct Level) index. The resultsrevealed no significant difference in relaxation among the groups (α=%5 andP>0.05). In other words, relaxation exercises had a slight effect on improvement ofrelaxation skill level; however, rhythmic exercises deepened relaxation to someextent. Results showed that rhythmic movements reduced stress through influencingrelaxation deepening and subjects with more relaxation were more successful intheir optimal movements.
Shiler Ghasem Karimi; Hasan Mohammadzadeh Jahatlo; Fateme Hosseni
Abstract
Contextual Interference is defined as interference in performance and learning that arise from practicing one task in the context of other tasks. Transitional practice is a kind of practice sequence that starts out with trials of large blocks; then moves to smaller random blocks, and eventually finishes ...
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Contextual Interference is defined as interference in performance and learning that arise from practicing one task in the context of other tasks. Transitional practice is a kind of practice sequence that starts out with trials of large blocks; then moves to smaller random blocks, and eventually finishes with complete randomization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ‘transitional practice schedule’ on contextual interference in learning three badminton skills. The research was quasi-experimental with three experimental groups. The subjects were 30 female students of physical education (age: 19±1.3) from Urmia University who voluntarily participated in the study. They practiced three badminton skills (long service, forehand toss and backhand toss strokes) for ten sessions. In each session, each subject practiced 15 trials for each skill and totally 45 trials. The blocked group practiced in a blocked format. The random group practiced all three skills randomly in a way that no two similar skills would be repeated one after the other in each sequence. The transitional practice group practiced the first three sessions in a blocked format, the next three sessions with five random trials, the next three sessions with three random trials and the last session in an entirely random format. The groups' performances were recorded in each session. After the ten sessions, the immediate retention test and after 48 hours with no practice, the delayed retention test was conducted. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA). The results showed that in the acquisition stage, group differences were not significant (p=0.48), but the mutual reaction (practice sessions x groups) was significant (p=0.001). In immediate retention test, only the difference between the block and random groups was significant (p=0.005) and the blocked group performed better than the random group. In delayed retention test, both random and transitional groups performed significantly better than the block group (p=0.001). Transitional group performed better than the random group and this difference was significant (p=0.043).
Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli; Mohammadreza Gasemian
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of random and blocked practices with respect to the changes in generalized motor program (GMP) and parameter on acquisition, retention and transfer of table tennis service. For this purpose, 32 subjects were randomly assigned to four groups (8 ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of random and blocked practices with respect to the changes in generalized motor program (GMP) and parameter on acquisition, retention and transfer of table tennis service. For this purpose, 32 subjects were randomly assigned to four groups (8 subjects each group). In the first two groups, GMP changed with blocked and random arrangements while in the last two groups, parameter changed with those arrangements. After pretest, participants completed 300 trials in each task (totally 900 trials) and then they participated in posttest, retention and two transfer tests with different aims. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures (P˂0.05) and Bonferroni post hoc test was used to mark the differences of the groups. The findings showed that despite the type of changes, the random practice caused better performance than blocked practice and these advantages of random practice in GMP changes were greater. However, these effects not only were observed in the same situation but also were maintained in other contexts. In addition, these effects not only influenced performance but also caused the participants to perform the tasks with more efficiency, more cognitive effort and less attention.
Hadis Kavianipoor; Alireza Farsi; Alireza Bahrami
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to develop a model of the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athlete students.Methods: The current research strategy was descriptive and correlational, with the approach of developing a correlational model. In three stages, ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to develop a model of the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athlete students.Methods: The current research strategy was descriptive and correlational, with the approach of developing a correlational model. In three stages, the attentional styles questionnaire was translated into Persian and was evaluated psychometrically. Its process consisted of the French version translation into Persian, re-translation into French, and the final translation. In this study, 245 athletes were selected conveniently from the student population of Shahid Beheshti University. Participants completed attentional styles and trait anxiety questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient for two factors of top-down and bottom-up attention was 0.70 and 0.72, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the factor loadings of five items (items 2 and 4 of the top-down attention factor, and items 3, 8, and 9 of the bottom-up attention factor) were less than 0.4, so they were removed. SEM results showed that trait anxiety has an inverse and significant relationship with top-down attention and a direct and significant relationship with bottom-up attention. Conclusion: The results of the present study highlighted the importance and necessity of paying attention to the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athletes. Therefore, in planning training programs and improving sports performance, taking this relationship into account can be an effective step in preventing adverse outcomes in sports competitions.
Farzad Maleki; Mahmood Sheikh; Fazlallah Bagherzadeh; Rasoul Hemayattalab
Abstract
Introduction: This research aimed to investigate the effect of physical training and selective and compulsory observational pattern on the intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning of basketball jump shot skill with the approach of basic psychological demands.Methods: Eighty male students (18-22 years ...
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Introduction: This research aimed to investigate the effect of physical training and selective and compulsory observational pattern on the intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning of basketball jump shot skill with the approach of basic psychological demands.Methods: Eighty male students (18-22 years old) were selected voluntarily and based on their pre-test scores, were randomly divided into four Self-Control, Paired, Experimenter-Control, and Control groups (20 people in each group). To examine the motivation level, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI), and to examine the cognitive learning level, Recall Questionnaire (adapted from Knudson, 1993) was used. An educational video of the expert model that showed the movement components was presented to the participants. A retention test was conducted 24 hours later. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data (p≥0.05).Results: The results showed that in the acquisition phase, the level of intrinsic motivation of the participants to learn the basketball jump shot skill in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions. Also, in the retention phase, the level of intrinsic motivation in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than in other experimental conditions. In addition, in the acquisition and retention phases of cognitive learning (recall success), the participants in the Self-Control observation condition scored significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions.Conclusion: In general, the results of this study show that motivation affects learning. Also, task demonstration as a whole-part-whole is an effective and efficient method in the cognitive phase.
Negin Nazarifar; shahzad Tahmasebi; Mehdi Shahbazi
Abstract
Cognitive constrain of individual constrains which can be created with imagery and is a factor in many tasks affecting the performance has been investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PETTLEP imagery on the accuracy and speed basketball pass skill. 44 female ...
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Cognitive constrain of individual constrains which can be created with imagery and is a factor in many tasks affecting the performance has been investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PETTLEP imagery on the accuracy and speed basketball pass skill. 44 female students of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran (mean age of 22.45±2.3 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and participated in this study. In pretest, participants performed 2 blocks of 10 trials of accuracy and speed basketball pass. Then, they were assigned to one of the four groups homogeneously: accuracy pass PETTLEP imagery, speed pass PETTLEP imagery, accuracy control, and speed control. Two groups of imagery listened to the imagery audio during 3 days for 8 minutes per day. Then, subjects participated in posttest, retention and transfer tests. For data analysis, mixed ANOVA was used. In case of significance, independent t test was used for intergroup comparisons and analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for within-group comparisons with significance level of α=0.05. The results of analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between imagery and control groups in pretest. However, there were significant differences in posttest, retention and transfer tests between imagery and control groups (P≤0.05). Also, PETTLEP imagery of accuracy and speed pass improved accuracy and speed pass performance from pretest to retention test; however, there was no such process in transfer test (P≥0.05).
