University of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521The Effect of Color and Gender on Oincidence Anticipation TimingThe Effect of Color and Gender on Oincidence Anticipation Timing1137683610.22059/jmlm.2020.133250.972FAMasoudZahirystudentMehdiShahbaziAssociate Professor of Tehran UniversityYadollahBinandehMasters student Motor behavior, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, IranJournal Article20151001The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus. For data analysis independent t-test,ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used at the significant level of 0/05. Findings suggested no significant difference between boys and girls in coincidence anticipation timing task (p=0/289) and the lowest timing error in a blue background and also significant difference timing errors were observed between the blue background, with other color (P=0/001 and F(2,59)=22/17). The results of this study indicate that gender does not affect on the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the performance in background color blue can reduce timing errors in predicting the spatial and temporal stimuli. In genral the results of this study indicated that gender didn,t affect the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the blue background color would facilitate the performance and effectiveon reduce errors timing in stimuli predicting spatially and temporally.<br />The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus. For data analysis independent t-test,ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used at the significant level of 0/05. Findings suggested no significant difference between boys and girls in coincidence anticipation timing task (p=0/289) and the lowest timing error in a blue background and also significant difference timing errors were observed between the blue background, with other color (P=0/001 and F(2,59)=22/17). The results of this study indicate that gender does not affect on the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the performance in background color blue can reduce timing errors in predicting the spatial and temporal stimuli. In genral the results of this study indicated that gender didn,t affect the Coincidence anticipation timing task and the blue background color would facilitate the performance and effectiveon reduce errors timing in stimuli predicting spatially and temporally.<br />The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors and gender on the Coincidence anticipation timing task. Therefore 60 participants aged 8 to 10 years randomly into two groups (30 males and 30 females) participated and timing error was recorded by a coincidence-anticipation apparatus.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76836_9163f1621fc91760dbc03d44b6b8dbee.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521Effect of Attentional Focus Instructions on Spatial Memory in ChildrenEffect of Attentional Focus Instructions on Spatial Memory in Children15307684010.22059/jmlm.2020.213074.1133FAFatemehMirakhoriAssistant Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranElaheArabameriAssociate Professor, Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranFazlolahBagherzadehAssociate Professor, Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranRasoolHemayattalabProfessor, Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160816The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children.Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups (internal, external, control). Participants in the internal focus group were asked to focus their attention on the movements of their hand, whereas participants in the external focus group were asked to focus their attention to the movement path and target. Control group participants received no focus instructions. Acquisition phase lasted five consecutive days. The instrument used for measuring spatial memory was linear movement apparatus (LM-01 model). Analysis of Covariance and Bonferoni tests were used at pThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children.Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups (internal, external, control). Participants in the internal focus group were asked to focus their attention on the movements of their hand, whereas participants in the external focus group were asked to focus their attention to the movement path and target. Control group participants received no focus instructions. Acquisition phase lasted five consecutive days. The instrument used for measuring spatial memory was linear movement apparatus (LM-01 model). Analysis of Covariance and Bonferoni tests were used at phttps://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76840_72fc628858487740e29d0343c6b758c5.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521Why Do Children and Adolescents Participate in Physical Activity and Sports? Exploring Perspective of Athletes, Parents, and CoachesWhy Do Children and Adolescents Participate in Physical Activity and Sports? Exploring Perspective of Athletes, Parents, and Coaches31477683710.22059/jmlm.2018.244318.1311FAGhasemBabaei Zarch.M.A. in Sport Psychology. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranHamidSalehiAssociate Professor, Motor Behavir, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranRezaHemmatiAssistant Professor, Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20180228The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation. Finally the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Research findings are categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation includes psychological and need of achievement motivations and extrinsic motivation includes opportunities, well-being and health motivations, getting support from family, trainers and environment, external motivations, community motivations, improving life skills life, implication of role models and media, and focusing on work without getting distracted. Based on results of this research, it can be said that young athletes tend to do sport for different goals in mind the most important of which is psychological motivations. Parents and trainers for encouraging them toward sport and to achieve their own goals should be used this kind of motivations.The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation.The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation. Finally the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Research findings are categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation includes psychological and need of achievement motivations and extrinsic motivation includes opportunities, well-being and health motivations, getting support from family, trainers and environment, external motivations, community motivations, improving life skills life, implication of role models and media, and focusing on work without getting distracted. Based on results of this research, it can be said that young athletes tend to do sport for different goals in mind the most important of which is psychological motivations. Parents and trainers for encouraging them toward sport and to achieve their own goals should be used this kind of motivations.The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76837_799aa9abd201e2b6e99c5d355a18295e.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521Determine the Special Skill in Shooting with Air in Competitive Anxiety Condition: Attitude to the Principles of Practice FeatureDetermine the Special Skill in Shooting with Air in Competitive Anxiety Condition: Attitude to the Principles of Practice Feature49667683810.22059/jmlm.2020.277703.1436FAValiollahKashaniAssociate Professor from University Of Semnan, IranMansorehAzariMS from University Of Semnan, Semnan, Iran MS student from University Of Semnan, IranAhmadNikravanAssociate Professor from University Of Semnan, Iran.Journal Article20190702The special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). The population studied here included all male and female shooters from the city of Semnan. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 shooters, consisting of two groups of women with the mean age of M= 21.33 and two groups of men with the mean age of M= 23.44, who performed shooting with air gun at five distances (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 meters) from the target. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables, and figures) as well as inferential statistics (regression and one-way analysis of variance). Simple linear regression with the significance level PThe special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). The population studied here included all male and female shooters from the city of Semnan. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 shooters, consisting of two groups of women with the mean age of M= 21.33 and two groups of men with the mean age of M= 23.44, who performed shooting with air gun at five distances (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 meters) from the target. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables, and figures) as well as inferential statistics (regression and one-way analysis of variance). Simple linear regression with the significance level Phttps://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76838_e2095c4335578ac830392ad2a6f4d89b.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521Relationship between Quiet Eye And Performance: Study of Duration And Location of GazeRelationship between Quiet Eye And Performance: Study of Duration And Location of Gaze67837683910.22059/jmlm.2019.255425.1367FAJalalDehghanizade.Assistant Professor in Motor Behavior, Faculty of sport sciences. Urmia University, Urmia, IranHasanMohammadzade. Professor, Faculty of sport sciences. Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20180509Relationship between Quiet Eye duration And Performance: Study of Duration And Location of Gaze<br /> Quiet eye is considered as a special gaze to a location of Motor space that is an indicator of motor control. The Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between quiet eye durations and location of gaze fixation with performance. The research sample included 60 right-handed boys (19-22 yr). The Snellen chart was used to assess vision. Task was a golf putting and the visual information was recorded through eye track glasses and motor information via a Video camera (SONY). The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed the relationship between quiet eye and performance. Also, the correlation between the location of gaze fixation with quiet eye and performance was determined by Eta correlation coefficient. The results of ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between location of gaze fixation in quiet eye and performance variables. In other words, the duration and location of the fixation affect the motor performance. The components of vision can have an effective role in motor control. The quiet eye is a perceptual skill associated with expertise and superior performance. The benefit of the phenomenon has been demonstrated in a range of sporting tasks. The mechanism(s) underpinning this phenomenon are much-debated and are associated with varying assumptions.Relationship between Quiet Eye duration And Performance: Study of Duration And Location of Gaze<br /> Quiet eye is considered as a special gaze to a location of Motor space that is an indicator of motor control. The Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between quiet eye durations and location of gaze fixation with performance. The research sample included 60 right-handed boys (19-22 yr). The Snellen chart was used to assess vision. Task was a golf putting and the visual information was recorded through eye track glasses and motor information via a Video camera (SONY). The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed the relationship between quiet eye and performance. Also, the correlation between the location of gaze fixation with quiet eye and performance was determined by Eta correlation coefficient. The results of ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between location of gaze fixation in quiet eye and performance variables. In other words, the duration and location of the fixation affect the motor performance. The components of vision can have an effective role in motor control. The quiet eye is a perceptual skill associated with expertise and superior performance. The benefit of the phenomenon has been demonstrated in a range of sporting tasks. The mechanism(s) underpinning this phenomenon are much-debated and are associated with varying assumptions.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76839_e549157a783aff6105921cc05cf6dc9e.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521The Effect of Biorhythm Cycle on Physical Ability of Volleyball GirlsThe Effect of Biorhythm Cycle on Physical Ability of Volleyball Girls85997646410.22059/jmlm.2020.294142.1476FASomayehBizadi ZadehMSc student, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Sistan and aluchestan, Zahedan, IranMortezaNikoofar2 Assistant Professor of Sport Management, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, IranRezaDelavarAssistant Professor of Sport Physiology of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, IranJournal Article20200113The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of biorhythm cycle on physical ability of female volleyball players. The statistical population of the present study included of 120 female volleyball athletes in the age range of 17-20 in 1397 in Boshrouieh city. For this purpose, 30 volleyball female athletes among participants are eligible to enter the study were selected by random sampling. Type of research in terms of purpose has been applied.and in terms of method, it's been semi-experimental which is done by field. In addition According to the date of birth of each subject their biorhythm diagram was plotted and they observed their cycles according to the biorhythm chart and the days of decline and in fitness tests including the Madison Ball throw, to evaluate upper body strength, agility test and vertical sagittal jump, to evaluate lower trunk muscle strength. To analyze the data in addition to using descriptive statistics indices, kolmogorov-Smirnov test and dependent t-test were used. The results showed there was a significant difference between the muscular strength of the subjects in the recharge and discharge days based on the biorhythm cycle (p= 0.035). and also, between the lower trunk muscular strength of subjects on recharge and discharge days based on the biorhythm cycle there is a significant difference (p= 0.004). There is a significant difference between agility of volleyball girls in recharge and discharge days based on biorhythm cycle (p= 0.004).The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of biorhythm cycle on physical ability of female volleyball players. The statistical population of the present study included of 120 female volleyball athletes in the age range of 17-20 in 1397 in Boshrouieh city. For this purpose, 30 volleyball female athletes among participants are eligible to enter the study were selected by random sampling. Type of research in terms of purpose has been applied.and in terms of method, it's been semi-experimental which is done by field. In addition According to the date of birth of each subject their biorhythm diagram was plotted and they observed their cycles according to the biorhythm chart and the days of decline and in fitness tests including the Madison Ball throw, to evaluate upper body strength, agility test and vertical sagittal jump, to evaluate lower trunk muscle strength. To analyze the data in addition to using descriptive statistics indices, kolmogorov-Smirnov test and dependent t-test were used. The results showed there was a significant difference between the muscular strength of the subjects in the recharge and discharge days based on the biorhythm cycle (p= 0.035). and also, between the lower trunk muscular strength of subjects on recharge and discharge days based on the biorhythm cycle there is a significant difference (p= 0.004). There is a significant difference between agility of volleyball girls in recharge and discharge days based on biorhythm cycle (p= 0.004).https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76464_fbfe3a7d2dd2bfc4e8366540877818cc.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312120200521The Effects of Spacing Practice on Learning and judgment of Learning Accuracy of Forehand Drive in Table tennisThe Effects of Spacing Practice on Learning and judgment of Learning Accuracy of Forehand Drive in Table tennis1011157623910.22059/jmlm.2020.288843.1465FARozaRahavi EzabadiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Al zahra University, Tehran, IranParvanehShamsipour DehkordiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Al zahra University, Tehran, IranMarziehKhajezadehMSc of Motor Behavior, Al zahra University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20191110The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution of practice on the acquisition, retention with different intervals 1, 7, and also judgment of learning accuracy of forehand drive in table tennis. The 32 female student with 18- 24 years old that passed specialized table tennis unit, contributed as convicted. They randomly were divided to massed and distributed practice groups. The skill used in this study was the forehand drive. After pretest, the massed group practiced all 240 Trails in one session, and the distributed practice group practiced 60 trials per day on 4 consecutive days. After acquisition phase, Participants were asked to predict performance on the retention phase. Participants were asked, “what would you predict your average score on the first the retention test? “And then half of participants of each group contributed for a retention test 1 day later, half of other participants of each group contributed for retention test 7 days later. The data were analyzed by independent sample t test and two –way analysis of variants (ANOVA) with repeated test. The result showed significant differences between massed and distributed practice groups in the acquisition, retention (1, 7) test and also judgment of learning (pThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution of practice on the acquisition, retention with different intervals 1, 7, and also judgment of learning accuracy of forehand drive in table tennis. The 32 female student with 18- 24 years old that passed specialized table tennis unit, contributed as convicted. They randomly were divided to massed and distributed practice groups. The skill used in this study was the forehand drive. After pretest, the massed group practiced all 240 Trails in one session, and the distributed practice group practiced 60 trials per day on 4 consecutive days. After acquisition phase, Participants were asked to predict performance on the retention phase. Participants were asked, “what would you predict your average score on the first the retention test? “And then half of participants of each group contributed for a retention test 1 day later, half of other participants of each group contributed for retention test 7 days later. The data were analyzed by independent sample t test and two –way analysis of variants (ANOVA) with repeated test. The result showed significant differences between massed and distributed practice groups in the acquisition, retention (1, 7) test and also judgment of learning (phttps://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_76239_a0d753647829fc286a5eac5f70e844ff.pdf