University of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822PETTLEP Imagery Improves Accuracy and Speed Basketball PassPETTLEP Imagery Improves Accuracy and Speed Basketball Pass1171317794910.22059/jmlm.2020.214209.1140FANeginNazarifarMSc in Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranShahzadTahmasebi. Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-0875-3993MehdiShahbazi. Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160829Cognitive constrain of individual constrains which can be created with imagery and is a factor in many tasks affecting the performance has been investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PETTLEP imagery on the accuracy and speed basketball pass skill. 44 female students of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran (mean age of 22.45±2.3 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and participated in this study. In pretest, participants performed 2 blocks of 10 trials of accuracy and speed basketball pass. Then, they were assigned to one of the four groups homogeneously: accuracy pass PETTLEP imagery, speed pass PETTLEP imagery, accuracy control, and speed control. Two groups of imagery listened to the imagery audio during 3 days for 8 minutes per day. Then, subjects participated in posttest, retention and transfer tests. For data analysis, mixed ANOVA was used. In case of significance, independent t test was used for intergroup comparisons and analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for within-group comparisons with significance level of α=0.05. The results of analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between imagery and control groups in pretest. However, there were significant differences in posttest, retention and transfer tests between imagery and control groups (P≤0.05). Also, PETTLEP imagery of accuracy and speed pass improved accuracy and speed pass performance from pretest to retention test; however, there was no such process in transfer test (P≥0.05).Cognitive constrain of individual constrains which can be created with imagery and is a factor in many tasks affecting the performance has been investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PETTLEP imagery on the accuracy and speed basketball pass skill. 44 female students of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran (mean age of 22.45±2.3 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and participated in this study. In pretest, participants performed 2 blocks of 10 trials of accuracy and speed basketball pass. Then, they were assigned to one of the four groups homogeneously: accuracy pass PETTLEP imagery, speed pass PETTLEP imagery, accuracy control, and speed control. Two groups of imagery listened to the imagery audio during 3 days for 8 minutes per day. Then, subjects participated in posttest, retention and transfer tests. For data analysis, mixed ANOVA was used. In case of significance, independent t test was used for intergroup comparisons and analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for within-group comparisons with significance level of α=0.05. The results of analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between imagery and control groups in pretest. However, there were significant differences in posttest, retention and transfer tests between imagery and control groups (P≤0.05). Also, PETTLEP imagery of accuracy and speed pass improved accuracy and speed pass performance from pretest to retention test; however, there was no such process in transfer test (P≥0.05).https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77949_7e2d9f42f02e2153adb2a9c844f45436.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822The Effects of Neurofeedback and Mindfulness on Visual Continuous Performance of Young Soccer PlayersThe Effects of Neurofeedback and Mindfulness on Visual Continuous Performance of Young Soccer Players1331517795010.22059/jmlm.2019.254373.1440FAHassanGharayagh ZandiAssistant Professor in Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSeyed MohammadZadkhoshMSc in Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190328Concentration, or the ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions, is a vital determinant of successful performance in sport. The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of neurofeedback and mindfulness interventions on visual continuous performance in young athletes. 45 soccer players (age range of 16 - 20 years) who attended the National Leagues in 2017 were assigned to three groups (alpha/theta neurofeedback intervention, mindfulness intervention, and control). Athletes in neurofeedback group received 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) of neurofeedback training with high alpha/low theta protocol and athletes in mindfulness group received 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) of mindfulness meditation. Before and after interventions, visual continuous performance test was used. The control group received no interventions. The results of mixed ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures at significance level of 0.05 showed a significant improvement in all dimensions of visual continuous performance test (omission error, commission error, and reaction time) in neurofeedback and mindfulness groups compared with the control group. Also, the results indicated no significant differences between neurofeedback and mindfulness groups in the dimensions of the visual continuous performance test. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of alpha/theta neurofeedback training and mindfulness training as visual continuous performance improvement training compared with the control group in young athletes.Concentration, or the ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions, is a vital determinant of successful performance in sport. The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of neurofeedback and mindfulness interventions on visual continuous performance in young athletes. 45 soccer players (age range of 16 - 20 years) who attended the National Leagues in 2017 were assigned to three groups (alpha/theta neurofeedback intervention, mindfulness intervention, and control). Athletes in neurofeedback group received 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) of neurofeedback training with high alpha/low theta protocol and athletes in mindfulness group received 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session) of mindfulness meditation. Before and after interventions, visual continuous performance test was used. The control group received no interventions. The results of mixed ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures at significance level of 0.05 showed a significant improvement in all dimensions of visual continuous performance test (omission error, commission error, and reaction time) in neurofeedback and mindfulness groups compared with the control group. Also, the results indicated no significant differences between neurofeedback and mindfulness groups in the dimensions of the visual continuous performance test. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of alpha/theta neurofeedback training and mindfulness training as visual continuous performance improvement training compared with the control group in young athletes.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77950_36811406c664e043b477f11a7af60ed3.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822A Comparison of the Effect of the Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Vision and Motor Cortex on Learning of Basketball Free Throw SkillA Comparison of the Effect of the Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Vision and Motor Cortex on Learning of Basketball Free Throw Skill1531687795310.22059/jmlm.2020.293682.1474FARoyaMahdipourPhD Student, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Esfahan, Iran.MahdiNamazizadeh. Associate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Esfahan, Iran.RokhsarehBadami. Associate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Esfahan, Iran.HamidMirhosseiniAssistant Professor, Faculty of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranJournal Article20200116The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of vision and motor cortex on learning of basketball free throw skill. In this semi-experimental study with repeated measure research design, 45 female students novice at basketball free throw were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (each group 15 subjects): tDCS on vision cortex, tDCS on motor cortex and artificial stimulation. In pretest phase, participants had 15 basketball free throws. Intervention phase was performed in 6 consecutive days; firstly, electrical stimulation of the brain was daily performed from the motor cortex (C3 anode and Fp2 cathode), the visual cortex (Oz anode and Cz cathode) and artificial stimulation, and then participants performed 15 free basketball throws. In last session, posttest phase was carried out. One week and 21 days after the posttest phase, short-term and long-term retention phase was performed. Data were analyzed with mixed ANOVA. The results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex (F=16.908, sig=0.0001, η2 =0.547) and vision cortex (F=7.41, sig=0.001, η2=0.346) improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex improved basketball free throw more than tDCS on vision cortex (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS on motor cortex can be effective as a new training method in addition to physical training to improve basketball free throw skill.The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of vision and motor cortex on learning of basketball free throw skill. In this semi-experimental study with repeated measure research design, 45 female students novice at basketball free throw were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (each group 15 subjects): tDCS on vision cortex, tDCS on motor cortex and artificial stimulation. In pretest phase, participants had 15 basketball free throws. Intervention phase was performed in 6 consecutive days; firstly, electrical stimulation of the brain was daily performed from the motor cortex (C3 anode and Fp2 cathode), the visual cortex (Oz anode and Cz cathode) and artificial stimulation, and then participants performed 15 free basketball throws. In last session, posttest phase was carried out. One week and 21 days after the posttest phase, short-term and long-term retention phase was performed. Data were analyzed with mixed ANOVA. The results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex (F=16.908, sig=0.0001, η2 =0.547) and vision cortex (F=7.41, sig=0.001, η2=0.346) improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex improved basketball free throw more than tDCS on vision cortex (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS on motor cortex can be effective as a new training method in addition to physical training to improve basketball free throw skill.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77953_ddf8c621050702651f71afb0d0829a3c.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822Explanation of Retention Measurement Concept in Motor Skills According to Persian Scientific Research Articles: A Quality Content AnalysisExplanation of Retention Measurement Concept in Motor Skills According to Persian Scientific Research Articles: A Quality Content Analysis1691867795410.22059/jmlm.2020.300847.1500FAAliyehMiri ArdakolMSc, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IranMohammadrezaShahabi KasebAssistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IranRasoolZeidabadiAssistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IranJournal Article20200512Retention is one of the important indicators for inference of learning motor skill. There are some disagreements on the retention measurement concept among experts and researchers of the motor learning area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the qualitative content of retention measurement concept in motor skills in Persian scientific research articles between 2009 and 2019. The present study was developmental with a quality content analysis method. 143 articles of Persian scientific research journals were studied, which mentioned the concept of retention. Data were analyzed with Nvivo10 software. Results revealed that there were 47 subsidiary topics and 6 main topics for the retention measurement concept including measurement method of retention concept, number and duration of trials in retention test, number and duration of trials in the acquisition phase, number of warm-up decrement trials, task type and detraining length. Also, the results indicated that there was no agreement among experts about the measurement method of retention concept and its related issues. This topic not only can confuse researchers on how to measure the retention concept in motor behavior area, but also can limit the possibility of comparing different research results and thus makes it hard to decide on optimal practice solutions and methods. Therefore, it is necessary to make specific decisions in this regard by holding symposiums with the participation of experts in the field of motor behavior.Retention is one of the important indicators for inference of learning motor skill. There are some disagreements on the retention measurement concept among experts and researchers of the motor learning area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the qualitative content of retention measurement concept in motor skills in Persian scientific research articles between 2009 and 2019. The present study was developmental with a quality content analysis method. 143 articles of Persian scientific research journals were studied, which mentioned the concept of retention. Data were analyzed with Nvivo10 software. Results revealed that there were 47 subsidiary topics and 6 main topics for the retention measurement concept including measurement method of retention concept, number and duration of trials in retention test, number and duration of trials in the acquisition phase, number of warm-up decrement trials, task type and detraining length. Also, the results indicated that there was no agreement among experts about the measurement method of retention concept and its related issues. This topic not only can confuse researchers on how to measure the retention concept in motor behavior area, but also can limit the possibility of comparing different research results and thus makes it hard to decide on optimal practice solutions and methods. Therefore, it is necessary to make specific decisions in this regard by holding symposiums with the participation of experts in the field of motor behavior.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77954_a80dbcc566c7b6a149c5b792e5e1c20a.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Training on Enhancing Discrete Skills of Athletes: A Review StudyThe Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Training on Enhancing Discrete Skills of Athletes: A Review Study1872047795110.22059/jmlm.2020.295329.1483FAJamilMansouri. MSc in Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranRezaRostamiProfessor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAhmadShahvaroughi. MSc in Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSadeghRanjbarPh.D Student in Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200131Many techniques have been invented to enhance sport performance which nowadays are used by athletes in different sport fields. Among these techniques, neurofeedback as a noninvasive brain method has received much attention. The present study was conducted to report research results of athletes’ discrete skills by convenience sampling method. English articles were searched by keywords like “neurofeedback”, “EEG neurofedback”, “sport performance”, “athletic performance”, “shooting performance”, “archery”, “putting performance” and “golf” to collect data. The articles were collected from PsycINFO, PubMed, web of science, EBSCO and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to 2018. Persian articles were searched with same keywords in SID, Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc databases from 2001 to 2020. 16 articles had the inclusion criteria of the research and were selected. Then, the information of each article was extracted and reported in findings by an author using a specific checklist. Results showed that different recruited neurofeedback protocols in any study could affect the results of interventions and it is necessary to pay attention to this method in athletes. Based on these findings, neurofeedback training has positive effectiveness on enhancing sport performance in athletes.Many techniques have been invented to enhance sport performance which nowadays are used by athletes in different sport fields. Among these techniques, neurofeedback as a noninvasive brain method has received much attention. The present study was conducted to report research results of athletes’ discrete skills by convenience sampling method. English articles were searched by keywords like “neurofeedback”, “EEG neurofedback”, “sport performance”, “athletic performance”, “shooting performance”, “archery”, “putting performance” and “golf” to collect data. The articles were collected from PsycINFO, PubMed, web of science, EBSCO and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to 2018. Persian articles were searched with same keywords in SID, Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc databases from 2001 to 2020. 16 articles had the inclusion criteria of the research and were selected. Then, the information of each article was extracted and reported in findings by an author using a specific checklist. Results showed that different recruited neurofeedback protocols in any study could affect the results of interventions and it is necessary to pay attention to this method in athletes. Based on these findings, neurofeedback training has positive effectiveness on enhancing sport performance in athletes.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77951_b53d1a486d72988e62c67bdf4c82af54.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822The Effect of Shooting Training with Air Gun on Aggression among Adolescent GirlsThe Effect of Shooting Training with Air Gun on Aggression among Adolescent Girls2052177823510.22059/jmlm.2020.298695.1491FAKimiyaMostafavi. MSc of Sport Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, IranMahiodinBahariAssistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, IranAfsanehSanatkaranAssistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, IranJournal Article20200301The aim of this study was to examine the effect of shooting training with air gun on aggression in adolescent girls. This study was semi-experimental including pretest, posttest with a control group. 30 female aggressive students (age: 16±1.1 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Buss and Perry (1992) aggression questionnaire was used to evaluate aggression. The experimental group participated in shooting training for 12 sessions (each session 60 minutes) under a coach's supervision. After the last training session, the two groups participated in the posttest. The results of the two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that shooting training significantly reduced aggression, verbal aggression, hostility and anger but shooting training had no significant effect on physical aggression. It seems that shooting training has an atmosphere and characteristics that can play an important role in producing calmness and reducing aggression.The aim of this study was to examine the effect of shooting training with air gun on aggression in adolescent girls. This study was semi-experimental including pretest, posttest with a control group. 30 female aggressive students (age: 16±1.1 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Buss and Perry (1992) aggression questionnaire was used to evaluate aggression. The experimental group participated in shooting training for 12 sessions (each session 60 minutes) under a coach's supervision. After the last training session, the two groups participated in the posttest. The results of the two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that shooting training significantly reduced aggression, verbal aggression, hostility and anger but shooting training had no significant effect on physical aggression. It seems that shooting training has an atmosphere and characteristics that can play an important role in producing calmness and reducing aggression.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_78235_8402bac7916b28f8a9e76e28a808ea8e.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822The Effect of Cognitive Empowerment
on Working Memory and Observational Learning of a Motor Skill in ChildrenThe Effect of Cognitive Empowerment
on Working Memory and Observational Learning of a Motor Skill in Children2192367795510.22059/jmlm.2020.298811.1493FAMaryamKavyaniAssistant Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranBehrouzAbdoliAssociate Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranRezaEbrahimiMSc, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200428The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive empowerment on working memory and observational learning of dart throwing skill in children. 40 students aged between 10 and 11 were selected by convenience sampling method. In the first phase, cognitive empowerment was performed and in the second phase observational learning of dart throwing skill was performed. In the first phase, the cognitive pretest was performed and the subjects were divided into two homogenies groups (each group 20 subjects): cognitive practice and no cognitive practice based on their age and pretest scores. The cognitive group received 8 sessions (45 minutes per session) of cognitive empowerment practice. Then, both groups received cognitive posttest. The cognitive tests were performed using Corsiblack (working memory) software. In the second phase of the study, each of the first phase groups were divided into 2 groups (10 subjects each group): observational + physical and physical. After dart throwing pretest, dart throwing was practiced in the form of observational and physical (3 sections of 20 throwing). The observational + physical group watched the skilled model of dart throwing through video in addition to dart throwing. Then, posttest was performed at the end of the second phase. Analysis of variance with repeated measures of 2 * 3 and 4 * 2 was used. The results showed that the working memory of cognitive group was significantly better than non-cognitive group. The cognitive + observational + physical group performed significantly better in the dart posttest than the other groups. It seems that cognitive empowerment can facilitate learning trough observation.The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive empowerment on working memory and observational learning of dart throwing skill in children. 40 students aged between 10 and 11 were selected by convenience sampling method. In the first phase, cognitive empowerment was performed and in the second phase observational learning of dart throwing skill was performed. In the first phase, the cognitive pretest was performed and the subjects were divided into two homogenies groups (each group 20 subjects): cognitive practice and no cognitive practice based on their age and pretest scores. The cognitive group received 8 sessions (45 minutes per session) of cognitive empowerment practice. Then, both groups received cognitive posttest. The cognitive tests were performed using Corsiblack (working memory) software. In the second phase of the study, each of the first phase groups were divided into 2 groups (10 subjects each group): observational + physical and physical. After dart throwing pretest, dart throwing was practiced in the form of observational and physical (3 sections of 20 throwing). The observational + physical group watched the skilled model of dart throwing through video in addition to dart throwing. Then, posttest was performed at the end of the second phase. Analysis of variance with repeated measures of 2 * 3 and 4 * 2 was used. The results showed that the working memory of cognitive group was significantly better than non-cognitive group. The cognitive + observational + physical group performed significantly better in the dart posttest than the other groups. It seems that cognitive empowerment can facilitate learning trough observation.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77955_dbf247f8518de06189a7832f9e52e385.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933312220200822The Effect of Kangoo Jump Training on the Balance Function of Autistic Children with High Performance LevelThe Effect of Kangoo Jump Training on the Balance Function of Autistic Children with High Performance Level2372537795610.22059/jmlm.2020.305636.1518FAPariaNekoueiPh.D. Student of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranVahidZolaktaf. Associate Professor, Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranEbrahimSadeghi DemnehAssistant Professor, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20200814Children with autism spectrum disorder are prone to poor balance, postural stability, and postural abnormalities due to inactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kangoo jump training on the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder with high performance level. The method of this study was quasi-experimental. 20 subjects were selected from children with autism spectrum disorder in the Autism Association and autism schools in Tehran city using screening tests and were randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control) after measuring balance function as the pretest. The experimental group performed Kangoo jumps for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. After the intervention, all subjects’ balance function was measured by Stork test as the posttest. To test the research hypotheses, two-way multivariate analysis of variance was used. The findings of the present study showed that Kangoo jumps in the intervention group significantly improved balance function in children with autism spectrum disorder. The results also showed a significant difference in the results between the control and experimental groups in the posttest. Based on these results, Kangoo jumps can be useful to improve the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore this type of activity is recommended as an appropriate intervention method for children with autism spectrum disorder.Children with autism spectrum disorder are prone to poor balance, postural stability, and postural abnormalities due to inactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kangoo jump training on the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder with high performance level. The method of this study was quasi-experimental. 20 subjects were selected from children with autism spectrum disorder in the Autism Association and autism schools in Tehran city using screening tests and were randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control) after measuring balance function as the pretest. The experimental group performed Kangoo jumps for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. After the intervention, all subjects’ balance function was measured by Stork test as the posttest. To test the research hypotheses, two-way multivariate analysis of variance was used. The findings of the present study showed that Kangoo jumps in the intervention group significantly improved balance function in children with autism spectrum disorder. The results also showed a significant difference in the results between the control and experimental groups in the posttest. Based on these results, Kangoo jumps can be useful to improve the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore this type of activity is recommended as an appropriate intervention method for children with autism spectrum disorder.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_77956_ad2a0c42447e034fe07fd01003ddaf88.pdf