University of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522Effects of Movement Practices in Virtual Reality Environment on Range of Motion in Children With Cerebral palsyEffects of Movement Practices in Virtual Reality Environment on Range of Motion in Children With Cerebral palsy1158778510.22059/jsmdl.2022.223693.1197FAMortezaPourazarAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, IranFazlolahBagherzadehAssociate Professor, Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranDavoudHoumanianAssistant Professor, Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20161227Defects such as spasm, concurrent muscle activity, muscle weakness, and range of motion affect the fine and fine motor function of children with cerebral palsy and lead to movement limitations. Despite the potential of using virtual reality in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy, few studies have been conducted in this area.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of movement practices in virtual reality environment on range of motion in cerebral palsy children. Twenty children 7-12 years old with cerebral palsy were selected by a convenience sampling method. Participants were homogeneously placed in experimental and control groups based on the average scores. The experimental group performed bowling practice in virtual environment for 3 weeks, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Xbox device and universal goniometer were used as instruments. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Analyze of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used at p < 0.05 level. Based on MACNOVA test results, there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups at least in one dependent variable (shoulder, elbow, & wrist range of motion) (F = 96/43, p= 0/001). Based on the results of ANCOVA test, experimental group achieved higher averages in shoulder, elbow and wrist range of motion than control group. Virtual reality technology can be used as a treatment approach for improving upper extremity range of motion in children with hemiplegic cerebral Palsy.Defects such as spasm, concurrent muscle activity, muscle weakness, and range of motion affect the fine and fine motor function of children with cerebral palsy and lead to movement limitations. Despite the potential of using virtual reality in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy, few studies have been conducted in this area.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of movement practices in virtual reality environment on range of motion in cerebral palsy children. Twenty children 7-12 years old with cerebral palsy were selected by a convenience sampling method. Participants were homogeneously placed in experimental and control groups based on the average scores. The experimental group performed bowling practice in virtual environment for 3 weeks, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Xbox device and universal goniometer were used as instruments. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Analyze of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used at p < 0.05 level. Based on MACNOVA test results, there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups at least in one dependent variable (shoulder, elbow, & wrist range of motion) (F = 96/43, p= 0/001). Based on the results of ANCOVA test, experimental group achieved higher averages in shoulder, elbow and wrist range of motion than control group. Virtual reality technology can be used as a treatment approach for improving upper extremity range of motion in children with hemiplegic cerebral Palsy.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_87785_f3b0a09d67c77e3396165267f09775d6.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522Effect of Constraints of Defense on Locomotors Pointing Behaviors in Elite Handball PlayerEffect of Constraints of Defense on Locomotors Pointing Behaviors in Elite Handball Player17358778610.22059/jmlm.2018.239414.1287FAMohammadaliEsmaeilzadeh.Assistant professor, Department of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University Innovation and Technological Pardis Branch , Tehran, IranMehdiShahbaziProfessor Of motor behavior, faculty of physical education and sport science, university of Tehran, Tehran, IranAli AkbarJaberimoghaddamAssistant professor, Department of motor control and learning, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranShahzadTahmasebiAssociate professor, Department of motor control and learning, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-0875-3993ElhamShirzadAssistant professor, Department of Sport Medicine and Health, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170903Behavioral studies in team sports are typically constrained by dynamic factors, such as positioning of defenders for interception. Handball player have to coordinate their steps when running to throw a ball on goal from a different positions. In this study were analyzed the movement patterns during locomotors pointing, throwing velocity and accuracy of 12 succesful elite handball players under defensive constraints (defender- absent, defender-far, defender-near, or defender pairing). It was captured data from the locomotors patterns of the attacking participant by speed camera with 120Hz, throwing speed by sports radar gun and throwing accuracy by camera. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test and Friedman test was used to analyze effects of these constraints on gait and throwing parameters. In addition to Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to analyze speed-accuracy trade off (P<0.05). The results revealed significant differences in overall mean movement velocity, first and second step mean velocity, first and second step mean length. For the mean foot/gate area distance variability was shown pattern of ascending/descending variability in all defense conditions. Since regulation of offensive players was continuous and based on perception of current and required behaviors, results supported from perception-action coupling and prospective control models of locomotors pointing. Also it is suggested that the technical aspects of the running and throwing in handball can affect by nested tasks constraints.Behavioral studies in team sports are typically constrained by dynamic factors, such as positioning of defenders for interception. Handball player have to coordinate their steps when running to throw a ball on goal from a different positions. In this study were analyzed the movement patterns during locomotors pointing, throwing velocity and accuracy of 12 succesful elite handball players under defensive constraints (defender- absent, defender-far, defender-near, or defender pairing). It was captured data from the locomotors patterns of the attacking participant by speed camera with 120Hz, throwing speed by sports radar gun and throwing accuracy by camera. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test and Friedman test was used to analyze effects of these constraints on gait and throwing parameters. In addition to Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to analyze speed-accuracy trade off (P<0.05). The results revealed significant differences in overall mean movement velocity, first and second step mean velocity, first and second step mean length. For the mean foot/gate area distance variability was shown pattern of ascending/descending variability in all defense conditions. Since regulation of offensive players was continuous and based on perception of current and required behaviors, results supported from perception-action coupling and prospective control models of locomotors pointing. Also it is suggested that the technical aspects of the running and throwing in handball can affect by nested tasks constraints.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_87786_2ce7d8e82c1220c26188ff275438ebb2.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522The Effect of Motivational and Educational Self-Talk on the Dart Throwing Performance with Different DifficultiesThe Effect of Motivational and Educational Self-Talk on the Dart Throwing Performance with Different Difficulties37518512610.22059/jmlm.2021.324338.1580FAPouyaBiabaniDepartment of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranAmirDanaDepartment of Physical Education, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0191-7868Journal Article20210523The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on dart throwing performance with different difficulties. A total of 60 beginners and right-handers with an age range of 22 to 28 years were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups of educational self-talk, motivation and control. The study groups performed 5 groups of 12 attempts according to their instructions. All throws were performed at low difficulty level at a distance of 1.80 m, at medium difficulty level at a distance of 2.37 m and at high difficulty level at a distance of 2.87 m from the dartboard. The performance measurement index was evaluated based on the amount of radial error (distance of the dart from the center). The statistical method of two factor analysis of variance analysis was used with repeated measurements in the difficulty level factor for testing hypotheses. The results showed that educational and motivational self-talk led to significant improvement in the dart throw performance. Also, the effect of difficulty was significant, and finally, the interactive effect of self-talk and difficulty on the performance of the dart throwing was significant. In simple tasks, due to the nature of the skill, educational self-talk based on related cues seems to improve the skill well, but at a moderate difficulty level, the role of motivational self-talk seems to become more prominent because the situation requires more effort for success, and this is consistent with the relationship between task difficulty and performance.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on dart throwing performance with different difficulties. A total of 60 beginners and right-handers with an age range of 22 to 28 years were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups of educational self-talk, motivation and control. The study groups performed 5 groups of 12 attempts according to their instructions. All throws were performed at low difficulty level at a distance of 1.80 m, at medium difficulty level at a distance of 2.37 m and at high difficulty level at a distance of 2.87 m from the dartboard. The performance measurement index was evaluated based on the amount of radial error (distance of the dart from the center). The statistical method of two factor analysis of variance analysis was used with repeated measurements in the difficulty level factor for testing hypotheses. The results showed that educational and motivational self-talk led to significant improvement in the dart throw performance. Also, the effect of difficulty was significant, and finally, the interactive effect of self-talk and difficulty on the performance of the dart throwing was significant. In simple tasks, due to the nature of the skill, educational self-talk based on related cues seems to improve the skill well, but at a moderate difficulty level, the role of motivational self-talk seems to become more prominent because the situation requires more effort for success, and this is consistent with the relationship between task difficulty and performance.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_85126_5289bf74723b184aae49bc02e781b7cb.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire (AMCQ)Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire (AMCQ)53728531310.22059/jmlm.2022.323617.1574FAMostafaMohammadzadehPh.D. Of motor behavior, faculty of physical education and sport science, university of Tehran, Tehran, IranMahmoudSheikhProfessor Of motor behavior, faculty of physical education and sport science, university of Tehran, Tehran, IranKhaledTakizadehPh.D. Candidate of motor behavior, faculty of physical education and sport science, university of Tehran, Tehran, IranFatemehKeshvariPh.D. Candidate of motor behavior, faculty of sport science and health, university of shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210717Background. An adolescent’s level of motor competence is important to assess as can impact on a range of daily functions and participation in physical activities. Formal assessments of motor competence can be time consuming and costly. One alternative is to use self-report questionnaires to screen for level of motor competence. Aim: This study examines the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire (AMCQ) and differences between adolescent boys and girls. Method: Three evaluative stages were completed to translate the items into Persian, which included back translations by 4 native English and Persian speakers and 10 expert reviews. A total of 470 adolescents aged 12-18 years old (mean age 14.22 ± 1.64) from the Ray schools district completed the 26-item AMCQ. A subsample of 30 adolescents completed the AMCQ after 1 week for retest. Results: The content validity index (CVI=0.98) was strong. The results of exploratory factor analysis identified 4 factors and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that items with a suitable factor load (0.95-0.65) on the four factors. The results revealed the AMCQ had high internal consistency (0.940), and acceptable test-retest reliability (r=0.885). When considering gender, boys had higher AMCQ scores compared to girls. The boy’s scores were related to the factors of ‘participating in physical activity and sport’ and ‘peer comparisons’. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the Persian version of AMCQ can be used as a valid tool to assess Iranian adolescence motor competence.Background. An adolescent’s level of motor competence is important to assess as can impact on a range of daily functions and participation in physical activities. Formal assessments of motor competence can be time consuming and costly. One alternative is to use self-report questionnaires to screen for level of motor competence. Aim: This study examines the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire (AMCQ) and differences between adolescent boys and girls. Method: Three evaluative stages were completed to translate the items into Persian, which included back translations by 4 native English and Persian speakers and 10 expert reviews. A total of 470 adolescents aged 12-18 years old (mean age 14.22 ± 1.64) from the Ray schools district completed the 26-item AMCQ. A subsample of 30 adolescents completed the AMCQ after 1 week for retest. Results: The content validity index (CVI=0.98) was strong. The results of exploratory factor analysis identified 4 factors and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that items with a suitable factor load (0.95-0.65) on the four factors. The results revealed the AMCQ had high internal consistency (0.940), and acceptable test-retest reliability (r=0.885). When considering gender, boys had higher AMCQ scores compared to girls. The boy’s scores were related to the factors of ‘participating in physical activity and sport’ and ‘peer comparisons’. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the Persian version of AMCQ can be used as a valid tool to assess Iranian adolescence motor competence.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_85313_2266c693564a1d937eb7e4e371fe03b7.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522Comparison of Individual, Pair and Participatory Training Approaches on Learning Shotokan KarateComparison of Individual, Pair and Participatory Training Approaches on Learning Shotokan Karate73888636210.22059/jsmdl.2022.332787.1616FAEnsiyeGhaeniMaster of Sports Science (Motor Behavior), Semnan University, Semnan, IranAhmadNikravanAssistant professor of Sport Science (Motor Behavior), Semnan University, Semnan, IranJournal Article20211022Compared to the individual training method, pair and participatory training method are methods in which people in groups of two or more contribute learning motor skills, and it seems that this method has the characteristics of an optimal educational environment increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the training. The purpose of this study was to compare approaches of individual, pair and participatory training on learning of Shotokan karate. In this study, 36 female students aged 10-9 years were selected and divided into three groups after 12 sessions of initial training in HianShodan kata pre-test. Then, after 3 months of kata practice, by individual, pair and participatory practice, their performance was evaluated and a retention test was taken one week later. Statistical analysis of data was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance test. The test results showed that the participants' progress scores (F = 174.14, P = 0.001), the interaction of progress in the type of exercise (F = 5.1724, P = 0.001) and the difference between the exercise groups (F = 6.08, P = 0.006) is significant. The results of pairwise comparison showed that there is significant difference between individual and pair education groups; but difference between individual and group education groups was not significant. The pair training method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is more effective than traditional kata training methods in karate. In addition, this method of practice will be useful in the socio-emotional development of the learner.Compared to the individual training method, pair and participatory training method are methods in which people in groups of two or more contribute learning motor skills, and it seems that this method has the characteristics of an optimal educational environment increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the training. The purpose of this study was to compare approaches of individual, pair and participatory training on learning of Shotokan karate. In this study, 36 female students aged 10-9 years were selected and divided into three groups after 12 sessions of initial training in HianShodan kata pre-test. Then, after 3 months of kata practice, by individual, pair and participatory practice, their performance was evaluated and a retention test was taken one week later. Statistical analysis of data was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance test. The test results showed that the participants' progress scores (F = 174.14, P = 0.001), the interaction of progress in the type of exercise (F = 5.1724, P = 0.001) and the difference between the exercise groups (F = 6.08, P = 0.006) is significant. The results of pairwise comparison showed that there is significant difference between individual and pair education groups; but difference between individual and group education groups was not significant. The pair training method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is more effective than traditional kata training methods in karate. In addition, this method of practice will be useful in the socio-emotional development of the learner.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_86362_91f7d7d3749e3a62e8cefa8e3ae36b2b.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522Comparison of the Effect of Sports Vision Training with and without Inline Hockey Specific Context on the Speed and Whole Body Reaction Time of Inline Hockey PlayersComparison of the Effect of Sports Vision Training with and without Inline Hockey Specific Context on the Speed and Whole Body Reaction Time of Inline Hockey Players891108635010.22059/jsmdl.2022.333255.1618FAHosseinHeydariDepartment of Motor Behavior , Sport Sciens Faculty , Islamic Azad University. Branch of Isfahan(Khorasgan ) Isfahan , IranRokhsarehBadamiAssociate Professor of motor behavior, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranZohrehMeshkatiAssociate Professor of motor behavior, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20211213Abstract<br /><br />Introduction and Purpose: the purpose of the current study was to examine the comparison of the effect of sports vision training with and without inline hockey specific context on the speed and whole body reaction time of inline hockey players.<br /><br />Methods: In this semi experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a one- and four-week follow-up period, 60 novice male hockey players with an age range of 15 to For 20 years, they were accessibility selected and randomly divided into three groups: sports vision training with hockey specific context, sports vision training without hockey specific context and hockey specific context training. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed the desired tests (speed and whole body reaction time). The intervention phase lasted for nine weeks and 2 sessions per week and each session lasted 90 minutes, in which the groups did the relevant exercises. In the post-test phase, which was performed exactly after the last training session, and in the follow-up phase, which was performed after one and four weeks of non-training, the participants performed the desired tests as in the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. <br /><br />Results: The results showed that sports vision exercises with and without hockey specific context and hockey specific context exercises have a significant effect on improving speed and whole body reaction time of inline hockey players. Other results indicated that superiority (greater effect size) of sports vision exercises with hockey specific context compared to other exercises.Abstract<br /><br />Introduction and Purpose: the purpose of the current study was to examine the comparison of the effect of sports vision training with and without inline hockey specific context on the speed and whole body reaction time of inline hockey players.<br /><br />Methods: In this semi experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a one- and four-week follow-up period, 60 novice male hockey players with an age range of 15 to For 20 years, they were accessibility selected and randomly divided into three groups: sports vision training with hockey specific context, sports vision training without hockey specific context and hockey specific context training. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed the desired tests (speed and whole body reaction time). The intervention phase lasted for nine weeks and 2 sessions per week and each session lasted 90 minutes, in which the groups did the relevant exercises. In the post-test phase, which was performed exactly after the last training session, and in the follow-up phase, which was performed after one and four weeks of non-training, the participants performed the desired tests as in the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. <br /><br />Results: The results showed that sports vision exercises with and without hockey specific context and hockey specific context exercises have a significant effect on improving speed and whole body reaction time of inline hockey players. Other results indicated that superiority (greater effect size) of sports vision exercises with hockey specific context compared to other exercises.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_86350_b484162a556caf7295c6a3b45b05e26e.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220522The Impact of Neurofeedback Protocol Variation on the Reaction Time in Elderly PeopleThe Impact of Neurofeedback Protocol Variation on the Reaction Time in Elderly People1111238720310.22059/jsmdl.2022.335882.1636FAMaryamKeihaniPhd student of Motor Learning, Department of Motor behavior, Faculty of SportScience. Ferdwosi Univercity, Mashhad,IranHamidrezaTaheriProfessor, Department of Motor behavior, Faculty of sport sciences. Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IranAlirezaSaberiAssociate Professor, Department of Motor behavior, Faculty of sport sciences. Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IranMajidGhoshuni, Associate Professor، Department of Biomedical Engineering. Mashhad Branch,, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran .Journal Article20211219In most people getting old is associated with a decrease in both cognitive and motor functions. One of these functions that get affected is reaction time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training protocol variation on the reaction time of elderly people, Which is based on the principle of specificity of training. For this purpose ,Forty elderly participants between the ages of 65 to 70 years were selected and assigned to one of the for groups of experimental groups: 1) neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, fixed frequency, fixed training arrangement, 2) neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, fixed frequency, variable training arrangement 3) Neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, variable frequency, fixed training arrangement, 4) Neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, variable frequency, variable training arrangement) and 5) control (sham). All groups participated in simple reaction time tests for pre-test and post-test. The analysis of covariance showed that neurofeedback interventions had a significant effect on the reaction time of elderly people (p <0.05) and the frequency and the group with variable training arrangement had the best performance compared to the other groups (p <0.05). According to these results neurofeedback, training affects improving the reaction time of the elderly people and these interventions should be designed based on the principle of specificity of training.In most people getting old is associated with a decrease in both cognitive and motor functions. One of these functions that get affected is reaction time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training protocol variation on the reaction time of elderly people, Which is based on the principle of specificity of training. For this purpose ,Forty elderly participants between the ages of 65 to 70 years were selected and assigned to one of the for groups of experimental groups: 1) neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, fixed frequency, fixed training arrangement, 2) neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, fixed frequency, variable training arrangement 3) Neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, variable frequency, fixed training arrangement, 4) Neurofeedback at Cz and beta wave, variable frequency, variable training arrangement) and 5) control (sham). All groups participated in simple reaction time tests for pre-test and post-test. The analysis of covariance showed that neurofeedback interventions had a significant effect on the reaction time of elderly people (p <0.05) and the frequency and the group with variable training arrangement had the best performance compared to the other groups (p <0.05). According to these results neurofeedback, training affects improving the reaction time of the elderly people and these interventions should be designed based on the principle of specificity of training.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_87203_6d84873b7480530564da5b22e2a74190.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning2008-933314120220619The Effect of Quiet Eye Training on Decision Making, Gaze Behavior and Tennis Service Skill LearningThe Effect of Quiet Eye Training on Decision Making, Gaze Behavior and Tennis Service Skill Learning1251458778710.22059/jsmdl.2022.334138.1627FANiloufarZamani FardMSc, Sports Sciences Faculty, University of Arak, Arak, IranDaryoushKhajaviAssociated Professor, Sports Sciences Faculty, University of Arak, Arak, IranAhmadGhotbi VarzanehPhD, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20211117Introduction and Purpose: the current study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on decision making, gaze behavior and tennis service skill learning.<br />Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a 14-day follow-up period, 30 novices male tennis players of Isfahan House with an age range of 20 to 30 were selected and those located in quiet eye training and control groups. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed 12 tennis services, which also measured the participants' gaze behavior during the operation. Participants' service was also recorded by GoPro camera to measure decision making. In addition, participants' performance was recorded by the researcher. Then, the experimental group performed the desired exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session. During this period, the control group performed their daily activities. At the end of 24 practice sessions, the post-test phase, and two weeks after the last session, the retention phase was performed as the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.<br />Results: The results showed that quiet eye training have a significant effect on improving decision making, increasing the length of the quiet eye period and increasing the performance of the tennis service (P <0.05).<br />Conclusion: The results of this study support the pre programming hypothesis that the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.Introduction and Purpose: the current study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on decision making, gaze behavior and tennis service skill learning.<br />Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a 14-day follow-up period, 30 novices male tennis players of Isfahan House with an age range of 20 to 30 were selected and those located in quiet eye training and control groups. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed 12 tennis services, which also measured the participants' gaze behavior during the operation. Participants' service was also recorded by GoPro camera to measure decision making. In addition, participants' performance was recorded by the researcher. Then, the experimental group performed the desired exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session. During this period, the control group performed their daily activities. At the end of 24 practice sessions, the post-test phase, and two weeks after the last session, the retention phase was performed as the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.<br />Results: The results showed that quiet eye training have a significant effect on improving decision making, increasing the length of the quiet eye period and increasing the performance of the tennis service (P <0.05).<br />Conclusion: The results of this study support the pre programming hypothesis that the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/article_87787_f411b488b2ab0efb6339770afab87b54.pdf