Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Younes Olfatian; Rasoul Hemayattalab; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sensory integration therapy approach on fine motor skills in children of age 5 through 10 with spastic cerebral palsy. In this semi experimental study, 18 children through available sampling method were chosen and randomly divided into two groups ...
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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sensory integration therapy approach on fine motor skills in children of age 5 through 10 with spastic cerebral palsy. In this semi experimental study, 18 children through available sampling method were chosen and randomly divided into two groups of 9 members experimental and control. First, they were pretested with test of bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency. Then experimental group of sensory integration practices for 5 weeks three times a week. During the execution of the program, the control group did their usual activities. After the end of the program, both groups were post tested and analyzed. Data analysis was performed using multivariate and ANOVA. Results showed sensory integration approach had a positive effect on fine motor skills (p
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Mehdi Rahimzadeh; Hassan Gharayagh zandi; Ali Moghadamzadeh; fazlallah bagherzadeh; Alireza Bahrami
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quiet eye training on selective attention, gaze behavior and free throwing of basketball under stressful conditions. The statistical population of the present study was all youth basketball players who participated in competitions in Tehran province. ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quiet eye training on selective attention, gaze behavior and free throwing of basketball under stressful conditions. The statistical population of the present study was all youth basketball players who participated in competitions in Tehran province. According to the type and purpose of the study, the sample was ranging in age from 16 to 22 years. A total of 24 people were selected and randomly and equally divided into two groups of 12 people (quiet eye and control training group). The study included a pre-test, post-test, first retention, pressure test and second retention. In the pre-test phase, participants performed 10 free basketball throws and at the same time their gaze behavior and performance were recorded. The training phase consisted of 3 sessions based on Vickers quiet eye training. The first post-test and retention stages were similar to the pre-test with a difference of 24 hours from each other and the pressure test was performed 48 hours after the first retention and the second retention phase was performed 48 hours after the pressure test. To analyze the data, combined analysis of variance test and Benferoni follow-up test were used and independent t-test was used to compare the groups. The results showed that quiet eye training had a significant effect on selective attention, gaze behavior and free throw performance under stressful conditions
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Mohsen Torabi; Mahmood Mheikh; Fazlallah Bagherzadeh; Nasser Naghdi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a selected training program and neurofeedback and combined method on attention and impulsivity in children with ADHD. total of 48 children 7-11 years with ADHD were selected from Psychology Clinic in Tehran and randomly divided into four groups ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a selected training program and neurofeedback and combined method on attention and impulsivity in children with ADHD. total of 48 children 7-11 years with ADHD were selected from Psychology Clinic in Tehran and randomly divided into four groups control . Symptoms of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder had been diagnosed by a psychiatrist over the past month based on DSM-IV criteria. The three experimental groups performed neurofeedback training, selected exercises and combined exercises (neurofeedback training and selected exercises) for 24 sessions and 60 minutes each session, respectively; But the control group did not receive any intervention. Connors’ parent questionnaire was used to assess hyperactivity / attention deficit in children and analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that between the adjusted mean of attention and impulsivity of children in neurofeedback and control training groups (p = 0.001) (in favor of neurofeedback), combination and control groups (p = 0.001) (in favor of combination), neurofeedback training groups And training program (p = 0.001) (in favor of neurofeedback), neurofeedback and combination training groups (p = 0.001), (in favor of combination), and training and combination program groups (p = 0.001) (to Combined benefit), there is a significant difference in improving attention and impulsivity. But there was no significant difference between the exercise and control program groups in reducing inattention with (p = 0.224) and between the exercise and control program groups in reducing impulsivity (p = 0.232).
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Meghdad Teymouri; Hassan Daneshmandi; Ali Shamsi Majelan
Abstract
Introduction: Throwing events, shot put, javelin, discus, and club with 67 medals are very important at Paralympic games. The purpose of this study was to determine psychometric validation of physical fitness and anthropometric test battery to design sitting throwers talent identification and development ...
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Introduction: Throwing events, shot put, javelin, discus, and club with 67 medals are very important at Paralympic games. The purpose of this study was to determine psychometric validation of physical fitness and anthropometric test battery to design sitting throwers talent identification and development tool.Methods: 10 national sitting throwers, 15 national coaches, and 99 Iranian sitting throwers (52 male and 46 female) filled out our questionnaire and participated at this study. Both of quality and quantity face and content validity, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability of test battery were analyzed by SPSS 17 and LISREL 8.50.Results: Our results were shown both of reliability (p<0.05) and face validity (t>1.96) are at the significant level and impact score of all test for determination of face validity are significant and higher than 1.5. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (t>1.96,t<-1.96) and Fitting indexes results confirm our questionnaire. Also, results of content reliability of tests were indicated that two tests of both of power and strength and anthropometric basic measurement tests can be applied at sitting throwers talent identification and development tool.Conclusions: Then, coaches and experts of Paralympic games with our results not only utilize correct talent identification tests but also prevent multiple injuries with taking off to reach elite levels.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Morteza Pourazar; Fazollah Bagherzadeh; Davood Hoominian
Abstract
Introduction: Purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality training on proprioceptive function of elbow joint in hemiplegic children. methods: Twenty boys ranging from 7 to 12 years, from special schools in Tehran, were randomly divided into the experimental and ...
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Introduction: Purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality training on proprioceptive function of elbow joint in hemiplegic children. methods: Twenty boys ranging from 7 to 12 years, from special schools in Tehran, were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The devise used for virtual reality intervention was Xbox 360 Kinect (Microsoft, New York, and United State). Gyroscope device was used for measuring elbow’s joint position sense. Participants in the experimental group took part in the Virtual Reality (VR) program; participants in the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Paired sample t test and independent sample t test were used using SPSS software version 18 at p <0.05 level.Results: Results of independent sample t test showed that although a significant difference was no observed in joint position sense between the experimental and control groups during the pre-test phase (t=0.07, df=18, p=0.944); in the post-test phase, virtual training resulted in better scores for the experimental group (t=2.3, df = 18, p=0.03). Based on the results of paired sample t test, virtual training resulted in significant progress for joint position sense in the experimental group. Conclusion: Our results about using VR systems for patients with CP were in agreement with the findings by Denise Reid. VR intervention results in CP children could be justified by self-efficacy and motor learning theories. This type of therapy yields significant improvements for participants, since it lets them explore new experiences that would otherwise be difficult or dangerous.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hamed Fahimi; Hassan Gharayagh zandi; Fazlallah Bagherzadeh; Ali Moghadamzadeh; Davood Homanian SharifAbadi
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of strategic self-talk on the performance and visual attention of volleyball players.Methods: The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The participants of the present ...
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Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of strategic self-talk on the performance and visual attention of volleyball players.Methods: The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The participants of the present study were 54 boy volleyball players, who selected as available. The participants randomly divided into five groups: Strategic self-tlk as instructional self-talk (N=10), motivational self-talk (N=11), instructional-motivational self-talk (N=10), motivational-instructional self-talk (N=11) and control (N=12). The self-talk intervention conducted for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. In pre-test and post-test, while performing the serve task, the serve score were recorded by the researcher and the gaze behavior of the participants was measured by the eye tracker. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc test.Results: The results of the study showed that strategic self-talk has a significant effect on serve performance (P=0.0001) and the quiet eye duration (P=0.0001). The results of the Bonferroni test showed that instructional self-talk increased motor performance and increased the duration of the quiet eye. In addition, the combined groups that have used this instruction have increased motor performance and a longer duration of quiet eye. However, motivational self-talk has no effect on motor performance and the duration of quiet eye.Conclusion: The results obtained in the current research emphasize the importance of instructional self-talk on the performance and visual attention of novice volleyball players and supports the attention mechanism of self-talk.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Moazameh Bahramnejad; Mansoureh Hajhosseini; Sayedeh Khadijeh Amirian
Abstract
ntroduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of validating the accountability questionnaire in physical education.Research method: First, the Student Individual and Social Responsibility Tool (SIPPES) was translated into Persian language to calculate reliability and construct validity. In ...
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ntroduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of validating the accountability questionnaire in physical education.Research method: First, the Student Individual and Social Responsibility Tool (SIPPES) was translated into Persian language to calculate reliability and construct validity. In the implementation stage, the distribution of questionnaires was done in two stages. In the first stage, questionnaires were given to the students to analyze the exploratory factor, and in the second stage, questionnaires were given to the students to analyze the confirmatory factor and convergent validity. In this research, 400 (250 girls and 150 boys) were selected from among 500 fifth and sixth grade students, boys and girls, using available sampling method. To measure the convergent validity, the Sports Behavior Regulation Questionnaire (BREQ, Markland and Tobin, 2004) was implemented.Findings: "Effort", "following class rules" and "self-management" had the greatest effect on the structure of responsible behavior. The reliability of the research was also evaluated as 0.7, which is favorable.Conclusion: Six factors were identified in multistage cluster exploratory factor analysis. ( 1, 7, 13, 9) to the effort component, ( 2, 8, 14, 20) to the self-directed component, ( 3, 9, 21, 25) to follow the class rules (items 4,10,16,22,15) to respect others (5,11,17,23,26) to help others and items (6,12,18,24) to Collaboration indicates that the confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this six-factor structure obtained. the results showed that this questionnaire has convergent validity and good reliability. Using this tool, it is possible to check responsibility in male and female students.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Kosar Esmaeili; Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah; Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah; Heather Hower
Abstract
Introduction: Falling is one of the serious issues of old age that occurs as a result of many factors. It is very important to pay attention to postural and functional indicators in examining and improving the quality of life of the elderly and preventing them from falling. The aim of this research was ...
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Introduction: Falling is one of the serious issues of old age that occurs as a result of many factors. It is very important to pay attention to postural and functional indicators in examining and improving the quality of life of the elderly and preventing them from falling. The aim of this research was to compare static and dynamic balance, walking speed, spinal curvature and central stability of elderly people with and without a history of falling.Methods: 60 elderly women aged between 60 and 70 from Tabriz voluntarily participated in the research. the subjects were divided into two groups with and without a history of falling. The fall history of the volunteers was measured by the falls efficacy questionnaire. Static and dynamic balance were evaluated by Sharpand-Romberg and timed up and go tests, respectively. walking speed with 10-meter walk test, central stability with Mc Gill tests, and spinal curvature with flexible ruler were evaluated. Spss statistical software was used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the indicators of static balance, dynamic balance, curvature of the lumbar spine, walking speed and central stability in the elderly with and without a history of falling. However, there was no significant difference between the curvature index of the back spine in the elderly with and without a history of falling.Conclusion: it seems necessary to develop and improve the indicators of balance, walking speed and central stability in people with a history of falling.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Hanieh Ghasemian Moghadam; Hasan Mohamadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises on the cognitive functions of children with learning disorders.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test control group design, 20 ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises on the cognitive functions of children with learning disorders.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test control group design, 20 boys with learning disorders were selected from the centers for learning disabilities by referring to special education in Mashhad. In the pre-test stage, the participants' working memory and inhibition were measured by N-back and Stroop tests, respectively. After that, the exercise group participated in the selected Taekwondo exercise program for three 50-minute sessions per week for four weeks. In each session, a set of My Brain cognitive games was used before the implementation of the exercise protocol. In the first 10 minutes of the session, cognitive games were played, then 10 minutes of warming up, 30 minutes of teaching and practicing Taekwondo techniques, and finally 10 minutes of cooling down were conducted. During this period, the control group did their usual activities. Finally, the dependent variables were measured again in the post-test phase. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises improved cognitive functions in the Exercise group; All these changes were significant compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Taekwondo goal-oriented physical exercises can be effective as an intervention to improve the cognitive functions of this group of children.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
fatemeh zamani; Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi; Zahra Fathirezaie
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of students' learning styles and emotional intelligence in learning the setting skill in a cooperative method.Method: The research method was a quasi-experimental type, in which 48 female students in the first stage of high school ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of students' learning styles and emotional intelligence in learning the setting skill in a cooperative method.Method: The research method was a quasi-experimental type, in which 48 female students in the first stage of high school were selected conveniently and were assigned into one of four groups: divergent learning style with low/high emotional intelligence and convergent learning style with low/high emotional intelligence. After the pre-test and passing the course in an educational environment by using the cooperative learning model, the participants took part in the immediate retention, retention, and transfer tests. The measurement tools were Kolb's learning styles questionnaires, Goleman's emotional intelligence questionnaires, and the French and Cooper volleyball tests. In the data analysis, the mean and standard deviation were used in the descriptive statistics section; and in the inferential statistics section, the analysis of variance with repeated measurements and mixed model (4x4) were used at a significance level of 0.05.Findings: The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the amount of immediate retention, retention, and transfer of volleyball setting skills in a cooperative way in groups with convergent and divergent learning styles and with high and low emotional intelligence; as in the immediate retention, retention, and transfer stages of the group with divergent learning style and high emotional intelligence got the highest score and the group with convergent learning style and low emotional intelligence got the lowest score.Conclusion: it is important to pay attention to the role of learning styles and emotional intelligence of students in teaching setting skills. In addition, it seems that the cooperative learning model is considered a suitable method to use during sports hours.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hossein Samadi; Jalil Moradi; Mohammad Sohbatiha
Abstract
Introduction: Reactivity to stress is the basis of individual differences in mental, emotional, and physiological responses to stressful situations and is a valid indicator for current and future adverse health outcomes. Despite the importance of stress reactivity and its consequences, the conventional ...
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Introduction: Reactivity to stress is the basis of individual differences in mental, emotional, and physiological responses to stressful situations and is a valid indicator for current and future adverse health outcomes. Despite the importance of stress reactivity and its consequences, the conventional physiological calculation of reactivity is time-consuming, costly, and invasive. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale for Adolescent Athletes (PSRS-AA).
Methods: The research method was a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical sample was made up of 290 athletes (130 girls and 160 boys) of different sports fields with an age range of 12 to 20 years who participated in the present study using the available sampling method. First, the correctness of the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the back-translation method, and then confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency.Results The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than 0.9. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes and its dimensions were obtained above 0.7 (acceptable index value).Conclusion: Based on the results, based on the results, the Persian perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes has good and acceptable construct validity and internal reliability, and it can be used as a valid and reliable tool.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
samira Afzali; Keyvan MolaNorouzi
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare The effect of mindfulness and PETTLEP imagery on competitive state anxiety and the performance of jumping equestrian athletesMethods: In this semi-experimental research, which was carried out with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, ...
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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare The effect of mindfulness and PETTLEP imagery on competitive state anxiety and the performance of jumping equestrian athletesMethods: In this semi-experimental research, which was carried out with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 30 professional adult equestrians (age range 22 to 40 years old) from Hamadan and Zanjan provinces were selected to participate in the study and were randomly assigned according to the matching methods to three groups: mental imagery, mindfulness practice, and control. In the pre-test and post-test stages, the participants first completed the Persian version of the Competitive Anxiety Inventory-2, and then their jumping performance was measured in a simulated competition by the jury. The intervention phase was carried out over six weeks in one session lasting 90 minutes when the training groups did the desired interventions. Data were analyzed using dependent t-tests, univariate (ANCOVA), and multivariate (MANCOVA) analyses of covariance with Bonferroni's post hoc test.Results: The study's findings revealed that mindfulness training has a significant impact on sports performance (p=0.025), physical anxiety (p=0.030), cognitive anxiety (p=0.015), and self-confidence (p=0.0001). Also, imagery training has a significant effect on sports performance (p = 0.039), physical anxiety (p = 0.016), cognitive anxiety (p = 0.033), and self-confidence (p = 0.033). Other results indicated that there is no significant difference between the effect of mindfulness training and mental imagery on the anxiety, self-confidence, and performance of equestrian athletes in the field of jumping (p<0.05).
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
amineh eslamizad; ZAHRA Entezari khorasani
Abstract
Background: Identifying the theoretical frameworks and components of effective interventions in socio-economically disadvantaged communities in order to improve their performance in various aspects of development, can be effective. Essentially, the TGFU approach focuses on the idea of progressing from ...
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Background: Identifying the theoretical frameworks and components of effective interventions in socio-economically disadvantaged communities in order to improve their performance in various aspects of development, can be effective. Essentially, the TGFU approach focuses on the idea of progressing from tactics to skills, not tactics or skills It is commonly assumed that students in a TGFU lesson merely play games with guidance from the teacher, but this is not the caseThe purpose of this research was to investigate The effect of selective training based on a non-linear training approach (the teaching-based on game for understanding) on fundamental motor skills and executive functions of economically disadvantaged children
Methods: The current research was semi-experimental and applied in terms of purpose with a pre-test-post-test design. For this purpose, 30 subjects were randomly divided into two groups of non-linear and linear approach and were trained for eight weeks. Before and after eight weeks, the scores of the gross motor development test-2 and the executive functions questionnaire were collected.
Results: The results of this research showed that a course of selected motor exercises based on a non-linear approach had a greater effect on the subscales of basic motor skills and executive functions of economically deprived children than the linear approach.
Conclusion: According to the perspective of dynamic systems, the factors affecting motor development and executive functions include the characteristics of the motor task in exchange with biological and hereditary factors and the environment.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Parvin Mohammadi Farsani; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Mehdi Sohrabi; Ali Shoeibi
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of research is to create a learning environment that can increase learning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of contextual interference on spatial accuracy and motor reprogramming of the sequential motor task in people with Parkinson's disease.Methods: The research ...
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Introduction: The goal of research is to create a learning environment that can increase learning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of contextual interference on spatial accuracy and motor reprogramming of the sequential motor task in people with Parkinson's disease.Methods: The research method is a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test research design. 64 people with Parkinson's disease (mean age = 62.93 ± 3) were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into four equal groups (16 people) including blocked - high similarity, blocked - low similarity, random - high similarity, and random - low similarity. The participants performed 180 trials (12 blocks of 15 trials) for three sequential movement tasks. The error of movement patterns performance was calculated in all stages. In the acquisition stage, the 2 (contextual interference) × 2 (sequence similarity) × 11 (acquisition blocks) ANOVA with repeated measures of the last factor, and for the retention stage, the 2 (contextual interference) × 2 (similarity of sequence) × 3 (stages) ANOVA with repeated measures of last factor, and for the transfer and reprogramming stages, the 2 (contextual interference) × 2 (sequence similarity) ANOVA were used at P=0.05 level of significance.Results: The results showed that in the acquisition phase, the blocked-high similarity group performed better, and the interactive effect of the group and sequence similarity was not significant in the retention and transfer stages. In the reprogramming phase, the random-high similarity group was better.Conclusion: According to the elaboration hypothesis, random practice increases the strength of memory representation and forms deeper processing in memory.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
porya rahmani; Mohammad Karimi Zadeh Ardakani; seyed mohammad hosseini
Abstract
Introduction: The forward head position compromises balance due to muscle imbalance, which may cause loss of proprioception in the joint, which also causes loss of balance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of exergame exercises on the balance of children with forward posture.
Methods: ...
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Introduction: The forward head position compromises balance due to muscle imbalance, which may cause loss of proprioception in the joint, which also causes loss of balance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of exergame exercises on the balance of children with forward posture.
Methods: In this semi-experimental research, which was carried out with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 30 boys with a forward posture in Tehran, with an age range of 7 to 12 years, were purposefully selected and placed in two groups of exergame and control. They took in the pre-test stage, the participants performed 3 stork test attempts (static balance). The intervention phase was carried out in eight weeks and three sessions each week and each session lasted 30 minutes, and the participants performed the relevant exercises. After the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted, where the participants performed 3 stork test attempts (static balance) as in the pre-test phase. The data was analyzed by univariate covariance analysis.
Results: The results of the present study showed that exergame exercises significantly improved the static balance of children with forward posture (P=0.001, F=22.94).
Conclusion: In general, the results of the current research emphasize the importance of exergame exercises on the balance of children with head-forward posture, and the benefits of these exercises can be used to improve balance.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Fardin qeysari; Mahmoud Sheikh
Abstract
Background: Due to the prevalence of visual-motor disorders among preterm children, the negative effects of these disorders on the quality of motor function and the importance of visual-motor skills in performing daily tasks, A reliable and valid tool is needed to measure these skills in these people. ...
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Background: Due to the prevalence of visual-motor disorders among preterm children, the negative effects of these disorders on the quality of motor function and the importance of visual-motor skills in performing daily tasks, A reliable and valid tool is needed to measure these skills in these people. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Psychometric properties and standardization of the Persian version of the third edition visual-motor skills test in preterm children.
Methods: For this purpose, 2100 students were selected from 7 to 12 year old students all over the country by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and of these, 376 preterm children (<32 weeks gestation) were purposefully selected.The measurement tool of this study was the third-edition visual-motor skills test, which was performed twice, three weeks apart, on the research samples. Formula Z was used to calculate the percentage points for each age group. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to determine internal consistency and intra-class correlation in test-retest method was used for test time reliability.
Results: The results of this study indicate the appropriate validity of the 3-motor vision skills test for all age groups 7 to 12 years in preterm children. Also, the results of this study indicate the desired and acceptable internal consistency and time reliability or reproducibility of this test.
Conclusion:. The visual-motor skills test 3 has appropriate validity and reliability for screening and identifying premature children with visual-motor skills disorders.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Mahboobe Alivandidarani; hassan kordi; Keyvan MolaNorouzi
Abstract
Introduction: Movement is a way of social communication of the child with other people in his life. By moving into the environment, the child gains various experiences, although his skills are not yet developed. This research was conducted with the aim of the effect of aquatic training on the development ...
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Introduction: Movement is a way of social communication of the child with other people in his life. By moving into the environment, the child gains various experiences, although his skills are not yet developed. This research was conducted with the aim of the effect of aquatic training on the development of social-emotional and gross motor skills of children aged 3 to 6 years.
Methods: The research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was made up of female preschool children in Faridan city, Isfahan province. 23 people were selected based on the available method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n=12) and control (n=11). The experimental group performed 16 sessions of 50-minute training in water for 8 weeks, and the control group performed their activities according to the original programs. Both groups performed the third version of the Ulrich Gross Motor Skills Development Test and the Social Emotional Skills Questionnaire of Gresham and Elliott (1990) under completely similar conditions in the pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was done by multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS 26 (p=0.05).
Results: The results showed that the aquatic training program significantly led to the development of gross skills (locomotor and ball skills) and more social-emotional skills (cooperation, daring, self-control, and responsibility) than the control group (p≤0/05).
Conclusion: An opportunity can be provided for the development of social-emotional and gross motor skills of preschool girls through an educational program of playing in the water.