Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning

Scientific Journal

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

¹ Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.

² Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

³ Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education, AlZahra University, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2025.383679.1801

Abstract

Introduction:This study aimed to compare linear, nonlinear, differential, and TGfU methods on individual and team creativity and decision‑making in combination with inclusive education.
Methods: To achieve this goal, 64 male children (mean age = 10.22 ± 1.73 years) were selected as a convenience sample. For two months, the children practiced futsal skills in two sessions per week, each lasting 90 minutes, across four groups (each group consisting of 12 typically developing children, two children with ADHD, and two children with DCD). The number of observed actions was recorded and analyzed for each variable: individual creativity, team creativity, and decision‑making. Part of the data was analyzed descriptively, and the remainder was analyzed using a 2 (time) × 4 (group) ANOVA.
Results: The results indicated that the linear method had less impact on individual creativity, team creativity, and decision‑making compared to the nonlinear, TGfU, and differential methods. The nonlinear group outperformed the other groups in original and creative actions, team creativity, and decision‑making. Regarding inclusive education, individuals with disabilities in the nonlinear, differential, and TGfU groups showed better performance in the post‑test for creative actions, original actions, team creativity, and decision‑making than those in the linear method group.
Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating inclusive education with nonlinear methods, in which the manipulation of constraints can compensate for the weaknesses of children with difficulties. These results can be applied in school settings.

Keywords

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Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning

Volume 18, Issue 1
April 2026

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History

Receive Date: 12 October 2024
Revise Date: 28 January 2025
Accept Date: 29 January 2025

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