Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Authors
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire in male and female athletes. For this purpose, 281 athletes at different skill levels in 25 team and individual sports were selected through cluster random sampling method and were asked to complete the Persian version of this questionnaire. Firstly, the accuracy of the translation was verified using back translation method. In addition, to determine questionnaire’s construct validity, SEM-based confirmatory factor analysis was used. Cronbach alpha coefficient was applied to examine internal consistency and test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was used to investigate temporal reliability. The fitness indexes indicated proper fit of factor structure of the questionnaire. In addition, the Cronbach alpha coefficients for task conflict, social conflict and the whole questionnaire were 0.83, 0.84, and 0.90 respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient for all factors and the whole questionnaire were acceptable (ɑ≥0.70). The findings, therefore, supported the two-factor 14-item structure of the questionnaire. Thus, the Persian version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire enjoyed an acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian athletes.
Keywords
- Barki H, Hartwick J. Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management. 2004;15(3):216-44.
- Bendersky C, Behfar K, Weingart LR, Todorova G, Bear J, Jehn KA, editors. Revisiting the dimensions of intra-group conflict: theoretical and psychometric construct refinement. IACM 23rd Annual Conference Paper; 2010.
- Bodtker AM, Katz Jameson J. Emotion in conflict formation and its transformation: Application to organizational conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management. 2001;12(3):259-75.
- Brace N KR, Sangar R, . Analyzing psychological data with spss. Aliabadi K, Samadi A, 3 Tehran City: Doran-Didar 381. 2010.
- Carron A, Eys M, Martin L. Cohesion: Its nature and measurement. Handbook of measurement in sport and exercise psychology Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2012.
- Carron AV, Widmeyer WN, Brawley LR. The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of sport psychology. 1985;7(3):244-66.
- Deutsch M. Sixty years of conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management. 1990;1(3):237-63.
- Holt NL, Black DE, Tamminen KA, Fox KR, Mandigo JL. Levels of social complexity and dimensions of peer experiences in youth sport. Journal of sport & exercise psychology. 2008;30(4):411.
- Holt NL, Knight CJ, Zukiwski P. Female athletes’ perceptions of teammate conflict in sport: Implications for sport psychology consultants. The Sport Psychologist. 2012;26:135-54.
- Holt NL, Sparkes AC. An ethnographic study of cohesiveness in a college soccer team over a season. Sport Psychologist. 2001;15(3):237-59.
- Jehn KA, Bendersky C. Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in organizational behavior. 2003;25:187-242.
- Jehn KA. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative science quarterly. 1995:256-82.
- Jehn KA. A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative science quarterly. 1997:530-57.
- Jehn KA. Enhancing effectiveness: An investigation of advantages and disadvantages of value-based intragroup conflict. International journal of conflict management. 1994;5(3):223-38.
- Jones G, Hanton S, Connaughton D. What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology.2002;14:205-218.
- Kashani Vali ollah, GHolizade zahra. Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of the Children Sport Cohesion Questionnaire. Psychological studies. 2015;12:1-16.
- Kline P. Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. (2nd Ed). . New York: The Guildford Press. 2005.
- LaVoi N, Jowett S, Lavallee D. Interpersonal communication and conflict in the coach-athlete relationship. Social psychology in sport. 2007:29-40.
- Loehr JE. Mental toughness training for sports: Achieving athletic excellence: Penguin Books; 1986.
- Martin L, Beauchamp M. Conflict in sport. Encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2014.
- Martin L, Bruner M, Eys M, Spink K. The social environment in sport: Selected topics. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2014;7(1):87-105.
- Martin LJ, Carron AV, Eys MA, Loughead T. Validation of the child sport cohesion questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2013;17(2):105-19.
- Mellalieu S, Shearer DA, Shearer C. A preliminary survey of interpersonal conflict at major games and championships. The Sport Psychologist. 2013;27:120-9.
- Neale MA, Jehn KA, Northcraft GB. Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict, and Performance in Workgroups. Administrative science quarterly. 1999;44(4):741-63.
- Paradis Kyle , Carron A, Martin L. Development and validation of an inventory to assess conflict in sport teams: the Group Conflict. Sports Sciences. 2014.
- Parhizkar k. managment theories. Tehran: Eshragh Publication. 1989:P7.
- Rahim MA. A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict. Academy of Management journal. 1983;26(2):368-76.
- Robbins.S. Organizations theory. Translation of . Alvani M ed. Version F, editor. Tehran: Rahi Publication; 2004.
- shiri z. Conflict resolution skills for wives. Office injury prevention Social Welfare Organization. 2008.
- Sullivan PJ, Feltz DL. The relationship between intrateam conflict and cohesion within hockey teams. Small Group Research. 2001;32(3):342-55.
- Ting-Toomey S, Yee-Jung KK, Shapiro RB, Garcia W, Wright TJ, Oetzel JG. Ethnic/cultural identity salience and conflict styles in four US ethnic groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2000;24(1):47-81.
- Tuckman BW. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological bulletin. 1965;63(6):384.
- Whetten DC, Kim. Conflict management. First version ed. Tehran research and management training institute.; 2002.
- Zeidabadi R, Rezaie F, Motashareie E. Psychometric Properties and Normalization of Persian Version of Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tools (OMSAT-3). Sport Psychology Review. 2014;3(7):63-82.
)