Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 MSc of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 PhD Student in Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Motivation is one of those factors affecting the success and quality of athletic performance. However, limited research has been conducted on the motivational traits of Iranian athletes. This study aimed at describing the motivational traits of skilled and novice athletes of team and individual sports in some selected sports fields. Players of national teams of the individual sports of karate, taekwondo, fencing, badminton, sailing and team sports of basketball, volleyball, Dragon boat, handball and futsal were purposively selected as the population of skilled athletes and 60 athletes were randomly selected from all above selected sports fields from some selected provinces as the sample of novice athletes. Data from the Sport Attitudes Inventory (SAI) were classified according to team and individual sports and players were classified according to novice and skilled levels and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistical results of ANOVA showed that competitive motivation was significantly higher in skilled and novice athletes of individual sports than team sports and it was higher in skilled athletes than novice athletes (P<0.05).
Keywords
- حاجی قاسم، امیر (1384). "اثر سن و پست بازی بر انگیزش رقابت فوتبالیست‌های نخبۀ مرد"، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج.
- رابرتس، جی. اس؛ کی. اس اسپینگ؛ سی، پمبرتن (1382). "آموزش روان‌شناسی ورزشی: راهنمای علمی برای درک مفاهیم اساسی روان‌شناسی ورزشی"، ترجمۀ محمدکاظم واعظ موسوی و معصومه شجاعی، تهران: رشد.
- زرتشتیان، شیرین؛ تندنویس، فریدون؛ هادوی، فریده؛ خبیری، محمد (1388). "ارتباط بین سبک رهبری تحول‌گرا و عمل‌گرای مربیان با انگیزش اجتناب از شکست بازیکنان لیگ برتر بسکتبال"، نشریۀ علوم حرکتی و ورزشی، سال هفتم، ج 1، ش 13، ص 125-111.
- شجاعی، معصومه؛ خبیری، محمد؛ حاجی قاسم، امیر (1386)، "توصیف صفات انگیزشی بازیکنان نخبۀ فوتبال ایران"، فصلنامۀ المپیک، سال پانزدهم-ش 2(پیاپی 38).
- ریتال ل. اتکینسون؛ ریچارد س. اتکینسون؛ ارنست ر. هیلگارد (۱۹۸۳). "زمینۀ روان‌شناسی"، ج 1، ترجمة محمدنقی براهنی و همکاران (۱۳۶۶)، چ هفتم، تهران، انتشارات رشد.
- Anshel, M.H., P. Freedson, J. Hamill, K. Haywood. M.Horvat, S.A. Plowman (1991). "Dictionary of the Sport and Exercise Sciences". Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Atkinson, J. W.(1964). "An introduction to motivation". Princeton: Van Nostrand
- Buonamno, A.C.& A. Mussino( 1995)." Participation motivation in ltalian youth Sport ".The port Psychologist, 265-281.
- cratty,B.J.( 1983). "Psychology in contemporary Sport, Guidelines or coaches and Athletes”. Englewoods.NJ: Prentice.Hall.
- Daniel, R., K.L. czech, A. Burke, B. Joyner & H. charlesy (2002). "An Exploratory Investigation of optimism, pessimism and sport orientation". International Journal of sports psychology,39,78-87.
- Deeter, T.E. & D.L. Gill (1988). "The Relationship of competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport Activities" Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology10(2), 139-150.
- Frederick,. M. & R.M. Ryan( 1993). "Differences in Motivation for sport and Exercise and their Relations with Participation and Mental Health". Journal of Sport Behavior1, 6(3),1 24-138.
- Gjesme, T,. (1981). "is there any future in achievement Motivation ?" Motivation and Emotion.5.115-137.
- Garrett w., E., D.T. Kirkendall. S. R. Contigulia(1 996) "T. heu .s. soccer sports Medicine Book".
- Gill, D.L. (1988)." Gender Differences in competitive orientation and sport Participation" Journal of Sport Psychology,3 , 14S-159.
- Gould, D. & E. Udry (1994)." Psychological Skills for Enhancing performance: Arousal Regulation Skills" Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 478-485.
- Holbrook J,. E. & J.K. Barr( 1997). "Contemporary coaching :lssues and rends".Carmel ,IN : Cooper.
- lso-Ahola, s.E. & B. Hafield (1986). "Psychology of sport: A social Psychological Approach Dubuque", lA :Brown.
- Kang, L . (1990)." Competitive Orientation among Athletes and Non-athletes in Taiwan" Interactional Journal of Sport Psychology,211, ,46-15.
- Magnusson, D,. (1976). "The person and the situation in an interactional model of behavior". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 17,253-271.
- Martin, J .J.& D.L.G ill( 1995). "competitive orientation, self-efficacy and Goal importance in Filipine Maratoners" Interactional Journal of sport Psychology 26,348-358.
- Morgan, W,.P. (1984). "Selected Psychological Factors Limiting Performarice: A
Mental Health Model". In D.H. Clarke and H.M. Eckert (eds.) Limits of Human Performance. Champaign IL ,: Human Kinetics, p p.70-80.
- Nicholls, J . G. (1978). "The development of the concepts of effort and ability , perception of Academic attainment, and the understanding that difficult tasks require more ability". Child. Development49, 800-814.
- Nicholls ,J . G., Licht, B. G.,& Pearl ,R . A. (1982). "Some dangers of using personality questionnaires to study personality". Psychological Bulletin 92, 572 -580.
- orlick, T., & J. Parrington ( 1988). "Mental Links to Excellence". sport
Psychology, 2,105-130
- Raynor J. 0. (1967). "The functional significance of future goals. Paper presented at the m&inps of the American Psychological association as part of a symposium entitlecl: thebry of achievement motivation problem and nrw development" Washington, D. C. Septembe.
- Raynor, J. o. (1982). "Future Orientation, self-evaluation, and achievement motivation: use of an expectancy 3 value theory of personality function in N. T". (Ed.),Expectation and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology (pp.97-124).
- Hillsdale N, J:Elabrum Raynor .J. 0. (1969) "Future dentation and Motivation of immediate: An elaboration of the theory of achievement Motivation Psychological Review".76, 606-610.
- Raynor. J. . 0. (1970). "Relationships between achievement-related motives, future orientation. And academic performance". Joz~rnal of Personality and Social Psychology. 15.28-33.
- Raynor, J .0. (1971). "Effects of achievement motivation and future orientation on level of performance". Journnal of personality and social psychology. 1971. 17, 36-41.
- Stewart C ., & M.C. Meyers (2004). "Motivation Traits of Elite Young Soccer players" . physical Educator, 61(4), 213-219.
- Wartenberg, L. & L. Mccutcheon (1998). "Further Reliability and Validity of Data on the Sport Orientation Questionnaire". Journal of Sport Psychology, 21(2), 21-24.
- Weinberg, R. & D. Gould (1995). "Founfation of Sport and Exercise Psychology". (2nd ed.). Champaing, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Willis, J .D. (1982). "Three Scales to Measure Competition-related Motives in Sport" Journal of Sport Psychology4, 338-353.
- WillisJ, .D. & B.H. Layne ( 1988). "A validation Study of Sport Related Motive Scales". Journal of Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics3.
- Weiner, B. (1974). "Achievement Motivation and attribution theory". Morristown, NJ: General learning.
)