Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

1 M.sc in Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 . Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Learning and Control, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-talk (ST), feedback (KP) and their interaction (STF) on acquisition and retention of basketball chest pass. 120 adolescent girls were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups: KP, ST, ST + KP and control. This study was semi-experimental and pretest-posttest design with a control group. Instructional self-talk and knowledge of performance feedback were used in this study. After the pretest, each group had 4 practice sessions in the acquisition phase; then, they had posttest and 72 hours later they had retention test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data. Results indicated those subjects who used ST achieved better acquisition and retention scores than the other groups (P<0.05). ST was more effective than KP in the acquisition of chest pass skill. ST and KP can lead to a better and faster development of learning in the early phases

Keywords

  1. Anderson, A. (1997). Learning strategies in physical education: self-talk, imagery, and goal setting. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 68, 30–36.nger
  2. Anshell, M. H., Si. N. (1980). Effect of the combined use of learner strategies and adjunct questions incorporated into modular versus traditional instructional methods on the learning and long term retention of a motor skill. Reaserch quarterly.
  3. Aslankhai, M. A. (2008). Effect of instructional and motivational self talk on function of basketballist boys of Islamic Azad University of Karaj, M. A. Theses, 2-15. (In Persian)
  4. Bagherzadeh, F., Sheikh, M., Shahbazi, M., Tahmasebi Boroujeni, SH. (2007). Learning and motor control (theories and concepts), first published by Bamdade Ketab, 167-174. (In Persian)
  5. Bahari, S. M., Shojaei, M., & Mokhtari, P. (2012). The effect of overt and covert self-talk on the performance of force production task. European Journal of Experimental Biology,  2 (4):1200-1203.
  6. Boubouki, S., & Perkos, S. (2014). The Effects of Instructional Self-Talk on Female Volleyball Performance during Training. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (4):953-959.
  7. Cook, L. K., Mayer, R. E. (1983). Reading Strategies Training for Meaningful Learning from Prose. Cognitive Strategy Reasearch, pp 87-131.
  8.  Cutton, D. M. (1989). The effects of attentional focusing on the acquisition of an open motor skill. Unpublished manuscript, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge.
  9.  Cutton, D. M., & Landin, D. (1999). The comparative effects of two cognitive learning strategies on learning the tennis forehand. Journal of Sport Pedagogy, 5(2), 33–53.
  10.  Cutton, D. M., & Landin, D. (2001). The effects of a cognitive learning strategy and augmented feedback on learning the tennis forehand. Journal of Sport Pedagogy, 7(1), 16–35.
  11.  Cutton, D. M., & Landin, D. (2007). The Effects of Self-Talk and Augmented Feedback on Learning the Tennis Forehand. J. of applied sports psychologist, 19: 288–30.
  12. Delbari, M. (2009). Effect of overt motivational self talk on endurance performance of teen footbalists. Reaserch project, abstract, 1. (In Persian)
  13. Edwards, C., Tod, D., McGuigan, M. (2008). Self talk influences vertical jump performance and kinematics in male rugby union players. Journal of sports sciences, 26 (13), 1459-1265.
  14. Gartner, B., Edy, T. (1997). Assessment and measurment in physical education. Translated by Sepasi, H. Noorbakhsh, P., first publishe in Samt publishment, 462-466. (In Persian)
  15.  Gentile, A. M. (1972). A working model of skill acquisition with application to teaching. Quest, 17, 3–23.
  16.  Goodhart, D. E. (1986). The effects of positive and negative thinking on performance in an achievement situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 117–124.
  17.  Goudas,M ., Hatzidimitriou,V & Kikidi.,M . (2006). The effects of self-talk on throwing-and jumping-events performance. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 3, pp. 105-116.
  18.  Hackfort, D., & Schwenkmezger, P. (1993). Anxiety in R.N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L.K. Tennant, (Eds.). Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 328–364).
  19.  Halliwell. W. (1990). Providing sport psychology consulting services to a professional sport organization. The Sport psychologist. 4, 369-377.
  20.  Harbalis, T., Hatzigeorgiadis A., and Theodorakis Y. (2008). Self-talk in wheelchair basketball: The effects of an intervention program on dribbling and passing performance. International Journal of Special Education, vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 62-69.
  21.  Hardy J.; Hall C. R.; Alexander M. R. )2001). Exploring self-talk and affective states in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 19, Number 7, pp. 469-475(7).
  22. Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 306-318.
  23.  Hardy James, Craig R. Hall, Candice Gibbs & Cara Greenslade. )2005). Self-Talk and Gross Motor Skill Performance: An Experimental Approach?, Online Journal of sport Psychology, Volume 7, Issue 2, No Pagination Specified.
  24. Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 81-97.
  25. Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, L. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 905-917.
  26. Hardy, L., Johns, G., Gold, D. (2005). Phychologial readiness for profesional athletes. Translated by Sayyah, M., Baghbanian,A., Arab Amery, E. Published by Chekameh, 47-51. (In Persian)
  27. Haas, J. R., Hayes, S. C., (2006). When knowing your are doing well hinders performance: Exploring the interaction between rules and feedback. Journal of organizational behavior management, 26 (1-2), 91-111.
  28.  Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y., & Zourbanos, N. (2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 138–150.
  29.  Highlen, P. S., & Bennett, B. B. (1983). Elite divers and wrestlers: A comparison between open- and closed-skill athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 390–409.
  30. Jabbari, E., Rouzbahani, M., Dana, A. (2013). The Effects of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Overt and Covert Levels of Motor Performance. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIORAL STUDIES, Vol. 1 (1): 1-10.
  31.  Johnson, J.J. M, Hrycaiko, D. W, Johnson, G. V, & Halas, J. M. (2004). Self-Talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist, 18 (1), 44-59.
  32. Kahneman, D. Attention and effort.Library of congress cataloging in publication data, 73.
  33. Landin, D. (1994). The role of verbal cues in skill learning. Quest, 46, 299–313.
  34. Landin, D. K., Cutton, D. M., & Macdonald, G. (1991). Self-talk the mechanics of the return of serve in tennis. Poster session presented at the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) Annual Convention, April, San Francisco, CA.
  35. Landin, D., & Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of ST on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 263–282.
  36. Magill, R. (2004). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications. Translated by Vaez Musavi, M. K., Shajaei, , M., first published by Hannaneh, Tehran, pp 3-23, 351-370. (In Persian)
  37. Marios Goudas, Vasiliki Hatzidimitriou, & Maria Kikidi. (2006). THE EFFECTS OF SELF-TALK ON THROWING- AND JUMPING-EVENTS PERFORMANCE. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 3, pp. 105-116.
  38. Matthew W. Alexander. (2003). I Think I Can, I Think I Can't. CALIFORNIA STATE SCIENCE FAIR, PROJECT SUMMARY, Project Number J0302.
  39. McMorris, Terry. (2004). Acquisition & performance of sports skills. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, page 5.
  40. Ming, S., & Marten, L. G. (1996). Single-subject evaluation of a ST package for improving figure-skating performance. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 227–238.
  41. Orlick, T., & Partington, J. (1988). Mental links to excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.
  42. Palmer, S. L. (1992). A comparison of mental practice techniques as applied to the development in competitive figure skating. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 148–155.
  43. Perkos, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Chroni, S. (2002). Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 368–383.
  44. Rezaei, F. (2008). Comparing the effect of instructional and motivational self talk on performing simple and complex skill. M. A. Theses, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, 2-50,80-93. (In Persian)
  45. Roodsil, M. A., Jackson, A., S. (2002). Laboratory help of theory and function of motor learning, translated by Namazi Zadeh, M., Saberi, A., Sohrabi, M., Lotfi, GH. (first published in Tehran by Sat, Exams nomber 6 and 7, 81-99. (In Persian)
  46.  Rushall, B. S., Hall, M., Roux, L., Sasseville, J., & Rushall, A. S. (1988). Effects of three types of thought content instructions in skiing performance. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 283–297.
  47. Salajagheh, A., Saberi, A., Zare zadeh, M., (2014). Effect of type of attentional focus as self talk on acquisition and retention of basketball chest pass, motor behavior journal, 16, 111-124. (In Persian)
  48. Seashore, Harold G. (2013). Relationships of Fine and Gross Motor Abilities. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Volume 13, Issue 3, pages 259-274.
  49. Singer, R. N. (1976). The serial manipulation apparatus. Journal of motor behavior 8, 69-73.
  50. Singer, R. N., Korienek, G., Ridsdale, S. (1980). Influence of learning strategies in the acquisition, retentio, and transfer of a prosedural task. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, Volm 16, Issue 2, pp 97-100.
  51. Singer, R. N.,&Gerson, R. F. (1981). Task classification and strategy utilization in motor skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 52, 100–116.
  52. Smith,R., A., Lee, T.(2008). Motor and control learning. Translated by Hemayat talab, R., Ghasemi, A. First Pulished in Tehran. Journal of science and movement, 132-135, 373-376, 400-496. (In Persian)
  53.  Stiliani Chroni, Stefanos Perkos, & Yannis Theodorakis. (2007). Function and Preferences of Motivational and Instructional Self-Talk for Adolescent Basketball Players. University of Thessaly, Dept. of PE & Sports Sciences, Mental Health Net Award Winner, Athletic Insight, Inc., ISSN 1536-0431.
  54. Tahmasebi Boroujeni, SH., Shahbazi, M.,  Poor Soltani Zarandi, H., (2008). Function of SPSS in Physical Education and sports sciences, journal of science and movement, 65-196. (In Persian)
  55. Tahmasebi Boroujeni, Sh., Shahbazi, M. (2011). The Effect of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Performance of Basketball's Motor Skill. Social and Behavioral Sciences, the 2nd International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology. Volume 15, Pages 3113–3117.
  56. Tahmasebi Boroujeni, Sh., Ghaheri, B. (2011). The effect of motivational self-talk on reaction time. Social and Behavioral Sciences, the 2nd International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology. Volume 29, 2011, Pages 606–610
  57. Theodorakis, Y., Chroni, S., Lapardis, K., Bebetsos, V., & Douma, I. (2001). Self-talk in a basketball shooting task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92, 309–315.
  58. Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis, P., Douma, I., & Kazakas, P. (2000). Effects of motivational versus instructional self-talk on improving motor performance. Sport Psychologist, 14, 253–272.
  59.  Thomas, P., & Fogarty, G. (1997). Psychological skills training in golf: the role of individual differences in cognitive preferences. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 86-106.
  60. Vakili Araki, A., Moghaddam, A., Noori, A.(2011). Effects of instructional and motivational Self talk on motor function of boy students first national congress of Physical Education and sports sciences, Najaf Abad, Islamic Azad university of Najaf Abad, 138. (In Persian)
  61. Weinberg, R. S., Smith, J., Jackson, A., & Gould, D. (1984). Effect of association, dissociation, and positive self-talk strategies on endurance performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 9, 25-32.
  62. Wolf, G. (2009). Attention and Motor skill learning. Translated by Farrokhi, A., Mahzn, M.First published by Nersy, Tehran, 40-44, 139-15. (In Persian)
  63. Zetou. E., Vernadakis. N., Bebetsos. E., Makraki. E. (2012). The effect of self-talk in learning the volleyball service skill and self-efficacy improvement. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE. Volume 9, Issue 1, 794-805.
  64. Zetou. E., Vernadakis. N., Bebetsos. E., Liadakis. N. (2014). The effect of self-talk on Tae-kwon-do skills’ learning of novice athletes and perceived use of it.  JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE. Volume 9, Issue 1, 124-135. 
  65. Ziegler, S. G. (1987). Effects of stimulus talk on the acquisition of ground strokes by beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 405–41.
  66. Zinsser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J. M. (2001). Cognitive techniques for improving performance and building confidence., In J. M. Williams (Ed.). Applied sport psychology: personal growth to peak performance (4th Ed.), pp. 284–311.