The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance Enhancement and Conscious Motor Processing in Skilled Dart Players

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D Student of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The employment of neurofeedback is growing rapidly in sport performance enhancement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on motor performance and conscious motor processing of skilled dart players. The subjects were 20 male skilled dart players. The research was conducted in five phases: pretest, neurofeedback training, posttest 1, under pressure test and posttest 2. Neurofeedback training consisted of prevention training of the alpha frequency band (8 to 12 Hz) in F4. To analyze data, descriptive statistics and mixed ANOVA were used. Results indicated that the amounts of conscious motor processing for neurofeedback training group decreased in posttest 1 (P=0.001) and under pressure test (P=0.001) but this reduction was not observed in the control group (P=0.83). The dart throwing points for neurofeedback training group and control group in the posttest 1 increased compared with the pertest (P=0.001), but only neurofeedback group (P=0.001) was able to preserve this increase in the under pressure test. The findings indicated an effect among neurofeedback training, conscious motor processing and sport performance. In other words, the neurofeedback training leads to the desired motor performance and creates automatic sense in the athlete by reducing the conscious motor processing.
 

Keywords

References

  1. Casey M, Yau A, Barfoot K, Callaway A. Data mining of portable EEG brain wave signals for sports performance analysis: An Archery case study.
  2. Cooke A. Readying the head and steadying the heart: a review of cortical and cardiac studies of preparation for action in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2013 Sep 1;6(1):122-38.
  3. Rostami R, Sadeghi H, Karami KA, Abadi MN, Salamati P. The effects of neurofeedback on the improvement of rifle shooters' performance. Journal of Neurotherapy. 2012 Dec 1;16(4):264-9.
  4. Hatfield BD, Haufler AJ, Spalding TW. A cognitive neuroscience perspective on sport performance. Psychobiology of physical activity. 2006:221-40.
  5. Wilson VE, Peper E, Moss D. " The Mind Room" in Italian Soccer Training: The Use of Biofeedback and Neurofeedback for Optimum Performance. Biofeedback. 2006 Sep 1;34(3).
  6. Chuang LY, Huang CJ, Hung TM. The differences in frontal midline theta power between successful and unsuccessful basketball free throws of elite basketball players. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2013 Dec 31;90(3):321-8.
  7. Hatfield BD, Haufler AJ, Hung TM, Spalding TW. Electroencephalographic studies of skilled psychomotor performance. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004 May 1;21(3):144-56.
  8. Gardner F, Moore Z. Clinical sport psychology. Human kinetics; 2006.
  9. Vine SJ, Moore LJ, Cooke A, Ring C, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training: A means to implicit motor learning. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 2013 Jul 1;44(4):367-86.
  10. Gallicchio G, Cooke A, Ring C. Lower left temporal-frontal connectivity characterizes expert and accurate performance: High-alpha T7-Fz connectivity as a marker of conscious processing during movement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2016 Feb;5(1):14.
  11. Doppelmayr M, Klimesch W, Pachinger T, Ripper B. Individual differences in brain dynamics: important implications for the calculation of event-related band power. Biological cybernetics. 1998 Aug 7;79(1):49-57.
  12. Zaidel E, Barnea A. Symposium IV: Quantitative EEG and neurofeedback. Brain and Cognition. 2006 Apr 30;60(3):329-30.
  13. Hatfield BD, Landers DM, Ray WJ. Cognitive processes during self-paced motor performance: An electroencephalographic profile of skilled marksmen. Journal of Sport Psychology. 1984 Mar;6(1):42-59.
  14. Landers DM, Han M, Salazar W, Petruzzello SJ. Effects of learning on electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic patterns in novice archers. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1994 Jul.
  15. Domingues CA, Machado S, Cavaleiro EG, Furtado V, Cagy M, Ribeiro P, Piedade R. Alpha absolute power: motor learning of practical pistol shooting. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2008 Jun;66(2B):336-40.
  16. Klimesch W. Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2012 Dec 31;16(12):606-17.
  17. Zhu FF, Poolton JM, Wilson MR, Maxwell JP, Masters RS. Neural co-activation as a yardstick of implicit motor learning and the propensity for conscious control of movement. Biological Psychology. 2011 Apr 30;87(1):66-73.
  18. Janelle CM, Hillman CH, Apparies RJ, Murray NP, Meili L, Fallon EA, Hatfield BD. Expertise differences in cortical activation and gaze behavior during rifle shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise psychology. 2000 Jun;22(2):167-82.
  19. Wilson VE, Thompson M, Thompson L, Peper E. Using EEG for enhancing performance: Arousal, attention, self talk, and imagery. Biofeedback & neurofeedback applications in sport psychology. 2011:199-233.
  20. Park JL, Fairweather MM, Donaldson DI. Making the case for mobile cognition: EEG and sports performance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2015 May 31;52:117-30.
  21. Hosseini F, Norouzi E. The effect of neurofeedback training on self-talk and performance in elite and non-elite volleyball player. MED SPORT. 2017; 70:4.
  22. Vickers JN. Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action. Human Kinetics; 2007.
  23. Rienhoff R, Baker J, Fischer L, Strauss B, Schorer J. Field of vision influences sensory-motor control of skilled and less-skilled dart players. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2012 Sep;11(3):542.
  24. pashasharifi, H. Principles of Psychometrics and Psychosis. Page 58-63. 1994. in Persian
  25. Vine SJ, Wilson MR. The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuo-motor control. Acta psychologica. 2011 Mar 31;136(3):340-6.
  26. Lam WK, Maxwell JP, Masters RS. Analogy versus explicit learning of a modified basketball shooting task: Performance and kinematic outcomes. Journal of sports sciences. 2009 Jan 1;27(2):179-91.
  27. Demos JN. Getting started with neurofeedback. WW Norton & Company; 2005 Jan 17.
  28. Chatrian GE, Lettich E, Nelson PL. Ten percent electrode system for topographic studies of spontaneous and evoked EEG activities. American Journal of EEG technology. 1985 Jun 1;25(2):83-92.
  29. Baumeister RF, Showers CJ. A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. European Journal of Social Psychology. 1986 Oct 1;16(4):361-83.
  30. Blumenstein B, Bar-Eli M, Tenenbaum G, editors. Brain and body in sport and exercise: Biofeedback applications in performance enhancement. John Wiley & Sons; 2002 May 30.
  31. Acevedo EO, Ekkekakis P. Psychobiology of physical activity. Human Kinetics; 2006.
  32. Hammond DC. What is neurofeedback?. Journal of neurotherapy. 2007 Mar 29;10(4):25-36.
  33. Wing K. Effect of neurofeedback on motor recovery of a patient with brain injury: A case study and its implications for stroke rehabilitation. Topics in stroke rehabilitation. 2001 Oct 1;8(3):45-53.
  34. Kristi B. Neurofeedback efficacy in the treatment of a 45-years old female stroke victim: A Case Study. Neurotherapy. 2010;14(2):107-21.
  35. Landin D. The role of verbal cues in skill learning. Quest. 1994 Aug 1;46(3):299-313.
  36. Vaez Mousavi S, Mosayebi F. Sport psychology. Tehran: SAMT publications; 2011.
Journal of sports and Motor development and learning
Volume 10, Issue 1
June 2018
Pages 139-157

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 September 2017
  • Revise Date: 24 July 2018
  • Accept Date: 01 January 2018
  • First Publish Date: 22 May 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics