Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Authors
1 M.A of clinical psychology, college of psychology and education, Shiraz university, Shiraz, Iran
2 professor of clinical psychology, college of psychology and education, shiraz university, shiraz, iran
3 associate professor of physical education and sport sciences, college of psychology and education, shiraz university, shiraz, iran
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is one of the common neurodevelopmental disorders in children, can produce several cognitive, social and educational difficulties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fundamental motor skills (FMS) on cognitive impulsivity, motor impulsivity and sustained attention in primary school children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design. The study population consists of all elementary school students of Shiraz schools. The sample used for the study was 38 students with ADHD symptoms which was selected by multi-level sampling based on SNAP-IV and randomly divided in two groups, experiment (21 subjects) and control (17 subjects). The experimental group trained for ten sessions in the FMS program and the control group dealt its daily activities. Then one session before and after of interventions all of the two groups were measured with using of continuous performance, dexterity, porteus maze and passing test. Data were analyzed by mixed repeated measures ANOVA and indicate that FMS training can have a positive effect on children performance in motor impulsivity, but there was no evidence of the effect of mentioned interventions on Cognitive impulsivity and sustained attention. According to the findings of the study, can be concluded that short term FMS training can be useful in controlling movement and impulses in children with ADHD symptoms.
Keywords
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Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample. Academic
pediatrics. 2017;17(4):356-61.
7. Cadman T, Findon J, Eklund H, Hayward H, Howley D, Cheung C, et al. Six-year followup
study of combined type ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: Predictors of
functional impairment and comorbid symptoms. European Psychiatry. 2016;35:47-54.
8. González-Castro P, Rodríguez C, Cueli M, García T, Alvarez-García D. State, trait
anxiety and selective attention differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) subtypes. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology.
2015;15(2):105-12.
9. Smoot L, Boothby L, Gillett R. Clinical assessment and treatment of ADHD in children.
International journal of clinical practice. 2007;61(10):1730-8.
10. Imeraj L, Antrop I, Sonuga-Barke E, Deboutte D, Deschepper E, Bal S, et al. The impact
of instructional context on classroom on-task behavior: A matched comparison of children
with ADHD and non-ADHD classmates. Journal of school psychology. 2013;51(4):487-
98.
تأثیر آموزش مهارت های حرکتی بنیادی بر تکانشگری شناختی، تکانشگری حرکتی و توجه پیوسته در ... 253
11. Hudec KL, Alderson RM, Patros CH, Lea SE, Tarle SJ, Kasper LJ. Hyperactivity in boys
with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of executive and nonexecutive
functions. Research in developmental disabilities. 2015;45:103-9.
12. Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Frequency of reading, math, and writing disabilities in children
with clinical disorders. Learning and individual Differences. 2006;16(2):145-57.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clinical psychology
review. 2008;28(4):692-708.
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symptoms: Convergences of multiple informant reports. Research in developmental
disabilities. 2012;33(5):1677-89.
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symptoms and functional impairment in a pediatric sample. Pediatrics. 1992;90(3):359-
68.
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Psychosocial and clinical correlates of ADHD in a community sample of school-age
children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
1999;38(8):976-84.
17. Patros CHG, Alderson RM, Kasper LJ, Tarle SJ, Lea SE, Hudec KL. Choice-impulsivity
in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A metaanalytic
review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2016;43:162-74.
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impulsivity as links between childhood maltreatment and young adult crime. Preventive
Medicine. 2016;88:210-7.
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problems and impulsivity in the family and school context. Children and Youth Services
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Testing the interaction hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences. 2014;61–
62:63-8.
21. Etain B, Mathieu F, Liquet S, Raust A, Cochet B, Richard JR, et al. Clinical features
associated with trait-impulsiveness in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Journal of
Affective Disorders. 2013;144(3):240-7.
22. Barnhart WR, Buelow MT. Assessing impulsivity: Relationships between behavioral and
self-report measures in individuals with and without self-reported ADHD. Personality and
Individual Differences. 2017;106:41-5.
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J, Pupek-Pyzioł J, et al. Relationships of impulsiveness and depressive symptoms in
alcohol dependence. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012;136(3):841-7.
254 رشد و یادگیری حرکتی _ ورزشی، دورة 10 ، شمارة 2، تابستان 1397
24. Sanches M, Scott-Gurnell K, Patel A, Caetano SC, Zunta-Soares GB, Hatch JP, et al.
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heroin polysubstance abusers. Addictive Behaviors. 2007;32(5):950-66.
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Psychiatry Research. 2016;243:75-80.
27. Kovácsová N, Lajunen T, Rošková E. Aggression on the road: Relationships between
dysfunctional impulsivity, forgiveness, negative emotions, and aggressive driving.
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98.
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enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the
developmental trajectory of ADHD? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.
2011;35(3):621-34.
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Cognition Interaction San Diego: Academic. 2016:375-98.
32. Vanhelst J, Béghin L, Duhamel A, Manios Y, Molnar D, De Henauw S, et al. Physical
Activity Is Associated with Attention Capacity in Adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics.
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33. Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJM, Singh AS. Effects of one versus two bouts of moderate
intensity physical activity on selective attention during a school morning in Dutch primary
schoolchildren: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
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from physical activity interventions in children and adolescents with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and
Physical Activity. 2016;11:46-52.
35. Castañer M, Camerino O, Landry P, Pares N. Quality of physical activity of children in
exergames: Sequential body movement analysis and its implications for interaction
design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2016;96:67-78.
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impact on sustained attention of ADHD children, methylphenidate effects. ADHD
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تأثیر آموزش مهارت های حرکتی بنیادی بر تکانشگری شناختی، تکانشگری حرکتی و توجه پیوسته در ... 255
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hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities.
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2. Biederman J, Petty CR, Clarke A, Lomedico A, Faraone SV. Predictors of persistent
ADHD: an 11-year follow-up study. Journal of psychiatric research. 2011;45(2):150-5.
3. Hart EL, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Applegate B, Frick PJ. Developmental change in attentiondeficit
hyperactivity disorder in boys: a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of abnormal
child psychology. 1995;23(6):729-49.
4. Taylor E, Chadwick O, Heptinstall E, Danckaerts M. Hyperactivity and conduct problems
as risk factors for adolescent development. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;35(9):1213-26.
5. Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up: I.
Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985;42(10):937-47.
6. Jimenez ME, Wade R, Schwartz-Soicher O, Lin Y, Reichman NE. Adverse Childhood
Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample. Academic
pediatrics. 2017;17(4):356-61.
7. Cadman T, Findon J, Eklund H, Hayward H, Howley D, Cheung C, et al. Six-year followup
study of combined type ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: Predictors of
functional impairment and comorbid symptoms. European Psychiatry. 2016;35:47-54.
8. González-Castro P, Rodríguez C, Cueli M, García T, Alvarez-García D. State, trait
anxiety and selective attention differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) subtypes. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology.
2015;15(2):105-12.
9. Smoot L, Boothby L, Gillett R. Clinical assessment and treatment of ADHD in children.
International journal of clinical practice. 2007;61(10):1730-8.
10. Imeraj L, Antrop I, Sonuga-Barke E, Deboutte D, Deschepper E, Bal S, et al. The impact
of instructional context on classroom on-task behavior: A matched comparison of children
with ADHD and non-ADHD classmates. Journal of school psychology. 2013;51(4):487-
98.
تأثیر آموزش مهارت های حرکتی بنیادی بر تکانشگری شناختی، تکانشگری حرکتی و توجه پیوسته در ... 253
11. Hudec KL, Alderson RM, Patros CH, Lea SE, Tarle SJ, Kasper LJ. Hyperactivity in boys
with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of executive and nonexecutive
functions. Research in developmental disabilities. 2015;45:103-9.
12. Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Frequency of reading, math, and writing disabilities in children
with clinical disorders. Learning and individual Differences. 2006;16(2):145-57.
13. Nijmeijer JS, Minderaa RB, Buitelaar JK, Mulligan A, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clinical psychology
review. 2008;28(4):692-708.
14. Kóbor A, Takács Á, Urbán R, Csépe V. The latent classes of subclinical ADHD
symptoms: Convergences of multiple informant reports. Research in developmental
disabilities. 2012;33(5):1677-89.
15. Costello EJ, Shugart MA. Above and below the threshold: severity of psychiatric
symptoms and functional impairment in a pediatric sample. Pediatrics. 1992;90(3):359-
68.
16. Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M, Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Zhang H, Kasl S.
Psychosocial and clinical correlates of ADHD in a community sample of school-age
children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
1999;38(8):976-84.
17. Patros CHG, Alderson RM, Kasper LJ, Tarle SJ, Lea SE, Hudec KL. Choice-impulsivity
in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A metaanalytic
review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2016;43:162-74.
18. Shin SH, Cook AK, Morris NA, McDougle R, Groves LP. The different faces of
impulsivity as links between childhood maltreatment and young adult crime. Preventive
Medicine. 2016;88:210-7.
19. Bernedo IM, Salas MD, Fuentes MJ, García-Martín MÁ. Foster children's behavior
problems and impulsivity in the family and school context. Children and Youth Services
Review. 2014;42:43-9.
20. Lozano JH, Gordillo F, Pérez MA. Impulsivity, intelligence, and academic performance:
Testing the interaction hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences. 2014;61–
62:63-8.
21. Etain B, Mathieu F, Liquet S, Raust A, Cochet B, Richard JR, et al. Clinical features
associated with trait-impulsiveness in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Journal of
Affective Disorders. 2013;144(3):240-7.
22. Barnhart WR, Buelow MT. Assessing impulsivity: Relationships between behavioral and
self-report measures in individuals with and without self-reported ADHD. Personality and
Individual Differences. 2017;106:41-5.
23. Jakubczyk A, Klimkiewicz A, Topolewska-Wochowska A, Serafin P, Sadowska-Mazuryk
J, Pupek-Pyzioł J, et al. Relationships of impulsiveness and depressive symptoms in
alcohol dependence. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012;136(3):841-7.
254 رشد و یادگیری حرکتی _ ورزشی، دورة 10 ، شمارة 2، تابستان 1397
24. Sanches M, Scott-Gurnell K, Patel A, Caetano SC, Zunta-Soares GB, Hatch JP, et al.
Impulsivity in children and adolescents with mood disorders and unaffected offspring of
bipolar parents. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2014;55(6):1337-41.
25. Verdejo-García AJ, Perales JC, Pérez-García M. Cognitive impulsivity in cocaine and
heroin polysubstance abusers. Addictive Behaviors. 2007;32(5):950-66.
26. Dantas-Duarte A, Morais-de-Jesus M, Nunes AP, Miranda-Pettersen K, Araújo-de-Freitas
L, Netto LR, et al. Risk-taking behavior and impulsivity among HCV-infected patients.
Psychiatry Research. 2016;243:75-80.
27. Kovácsová N, Lajunen T, Rošková E. Aggression on the road: Relationships between
dysfunctional impulsivity, forgiveness, negative emotions, and aggressive driving.
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2016;42, Part 2:286-
98.
28. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Aleardi M. Comparing the efficacy of medications
for ADHD using meta-analysis. Medscape General Medicine. 2006;8(4):4.
29. Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Wasserstein J, Mitchell K, Abikoff H, Alvir JMJ, et al. Efficacy
of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry.
2010;167(8):958-68.
30. Halperin JM, Healey DM. The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive
enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the
developmental trajectory of ADHD? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.
2011;35(3):621-34.
31. O’Neill S, Berwid O, Bédard A. The exercise–cognition interaction and ADHD. Exercise-
Cognition Interaction San Diego: Academic. 2016:375-98.
32. Vanhelst J, Béghin L, Duhamel A, Manios Y, Molnar D, De Henauw S, et al. Physical
Activity Is Associated with Attention Capacity in Adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics.
2016;168:126-31.e2.
33. Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJM, Singh AS. Effects of one versus two bouts of moderate
intensity physical activity on selective attention during a school morning in Dutch primary
schoolchildren: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
2016;19(10):820-4.
34. Vancampfort D, Firth J, Schuch FB, Rosenbaum S, Probst M, Ward PB, et al. Dropout
from physical activity interventions in children and adolescents with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and
Physical Activity. 2016;11:46-52.
35. Castañer M, Camerino O, Landry P, Pares N. Quality of physical activity of children in
exergames: Sequential body movement analysis and its implications for interaction
design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2016;96:67-78.
36. Medina JA, Netto TL, Muszkat M, Medina AC, Botter D, Orbetelli R, et al. Exercise
impact on sustained attention of ADHD children, methylphenidate effects. ADHD
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2010;2(1):49-58.
تأثیر آموزش مهارت های حرکتی بنیادی بر تکانشگری شناختی، تکانشگری حرکتی و توجه پیوسته در ... 255
37. Pan C-Y, Chu C-H, Tsai C-L, Lo S-Y, Cheng Y-W, Liu Y-J. A racket-sport intervention
improves behavioral and cognitive performance in children with attentiondeficit/
hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities.
2016;57(Supplement C):1-10.
38. Rommel A-S, Lichtenstein P, Rydell M, Kuja-Halkola R, Asherson P, Kuntsi J, et al. Is
physical activity causally associated with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
2015;54(7):565-70.
39. Bardid F, Lenoir M, Huyben F, De Martelaer K, Seghers J, Goodway JD, et al. The
effectiveness of a community-based fundamental motor skill intervention in children aged
3–8 years: Results of the “Multimove for Kids” project. Journal of Science and Medicine
in Sport. 2017;20(2):184-9.
40. Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Moore RD, Saliba BJ, Pontifex MB, et al. Acute
exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: an ERP
study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Developmental Cognitive
Neuroscience. 2014;7:53-64.
41. Sibley BA, Beilock SL. Exercise and working memory: an individual differences
investigation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2007;29(6):783-91.
42. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Cliff DP, Barnett LM, Okely AD. Fundamental movement skills
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