Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

1 Ph.D Student, Department of Motor Learning and Control, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Motor Learning and Control , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the emergence of special skill in basketball free throw at different skill levels based on Newell's model of learning stages. Participants were assigned to three skill groups (n=10): coordination group, coordination control group, and optimization group. They threw 350 fixed shots from 7 parametric points (2.74, 3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18, 5.79, 6.4), carrying out 50 shots in each point. Regression analysis showed that the accuracy of those who were in the third stage of Newell's model in 4.57 m point, which is the same line of penalty, was significantly higher than the anticipated regression equation and supported the emergence of special skill (P>0.05), but the rest of the points did not follow the principles of force variability and performance accuracy decreased by increasing distance parameter. Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that the rest of the points had no contribution to the emergence of special skill and this conclusion may be the reason for rejecting generalized theory in the creation of special skill.

Keywords

1. review RS-P, 1975 undefined. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. psycnet.apa.org [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https:// psycnet.apa.org/record/1975-26710-001?casa_token=iI0SDB7HmiAAAAAA:hF22m9 cw 8DbTijPNyNj6BZVT3R1Mji4VYm4aJm2H94upGpAz5xQGEH_TbG9RPvAtbGcXfWk5Dier-dxYSZEAfUkW
2. Keetch K, Schmidt R, … TL-J of experimental, 2005 undefined. Especial skills: their emergence with massive amounts of practice. psycnet.apa.org [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-13471-011?casa_ token=sjHSkIlX9c4AAAAA:8NUaFWerfe774HNVjCMRdvqyUUsfe1bRHU1tzeYdo4Msm8TwDwAh5m-DLrv8x2SMqJ5qzomdUTgZhEHrVA-4uk14
3. Schmidt RA. Motor Schema Theory after 27 Years: Reflections and Implications for a New Theory. Res Q Exerc Sport [Internet]. 2003 Dec [cited 2019 May 20];74(4):366–75. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609106
4. Breslin G, Hodges N, Kennedy R, psychologica MH-A, 2010 undefined. An especial skill: Support for a learned parameters hypothesis. Elsevier [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000169180900184X
5. Oliveira R de, … RO-J of E, 2009 undefined. Experts appear to use angle of elevation information in basketball shooting. psycnet.apa.org [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-07761-010?casa_token= UOcci6nn6UMAAAAA:_W95OxsMx0i40jcBZ1eIHqL7yUFrez48Kb51Qg60PsxY-HuB SCI3W_Lg79iDlFe6Mt6sEQWM4Ia7ND4ahO9p9JPC
6. Bernstein N. Chapter IV Some Emergent Problems of the Regulation of Motor Acts. Adv Psychol [Internet]. 1984 Jan 1 [cited 2019 May 20];17:343–71. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016641150861376X
7. Kelso JA. Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol [Internet]. 1984 Jun [cited 2019 May 20];246(6):R1000–4. Available from: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.1984.246.6.R1000
8. mechanics AO-I journal of non-linear, 2000 undefined. Quadratic stability of dynamical systems with perturbations. Elsevier [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020746298000869
9. Davids K, Button C, Bennett S. Dynamics of skill acquisition: A constraints-led approach [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2019 May 20]. Available from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/18139
10. Czyż SH, Breslin G, Kwon O, Mazur M, Kobiałka K, Pizlo Z. Especial Skill Effect Across Age and Performance Level: The Nature and Degree of Generalization. J Mot Behav [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2019 May 20];45(2):139–52. Available from: http://www. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222895.2013.763763
11. Breslin G, Hodges N, Steenson A, psychologica AW-A, 2012 undefined. Constant or variable practice: Recreating the especial skill effect. Elsevier [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00016918120005 6X
12. Hopkins DR, Shick J PJ. AAHPERD skills test manual: Basketball for boys and girls. Reston, VA AAHPERD. 1984;
13. Keetch K, Lee T, and RS-J of S, 2008 undefined. Especial skills: Specificity embedded within generality. journals.humankinetics.com [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 20]; Available from: https://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/abs/10.1123/jsep.30.6.723
14. Schmidt R, Lee T. Motor learning and performance: from principles to application [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 May 20]. Available from: https://books.google.ca/books?hl= en&lr=&id=pPB6DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=schmidt+lee+motor+learning&ots=6Sn7jxfaOd&sig=Nh5uoFRcz6wZXVNRg8tILuG_Azs
15. Sherwood DE, Lee TD. Schema Theory: Critical Review and Implications for the Role of Cognition in a New Theory of Motor Learning. Res Q Exerc Sport [Internet]. 2003 Dec [cited 2019 May 20];74(4):376–82. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi /abs/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609107
16. Davids K, Bennett S, Newell K. Movement system variability [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2019 May 20]. Available from: https://books.google.ca/books?hl =en&lr=&id=IAamvxsVlGAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=11.%09Davids,+K.,+Bennett,+S.,+%26+Newell,+K.+M.+(2006).+%22Movement+system+variability%22.+2006:+Human+kinetics&ots=4XuALWiaM8&sig=xsaJxZONMELSNqO9BRIcTeXI9Bo
17. Abdolshai M, Farokhi A, Jaberi Moghadan AA, Vaez Mosavi SMK, Kazemnejad A. Specify the especial skill in backhand short badminton serve: A challenge to schema theory. 2013 [cited 2019 May 20];3(5):1–12. Available from: https://jrsm.khu.ac.ir/article-1-1755-en.html
18. Griffin L, Mitchell S, Oslin J. Teaching sports concepts and skills: A tactical games approach. [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2019 May 20]. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org /cabdirect/abstract/19971807615