Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Scientific Journal

The Effect of Quiet Eye Training on Decision ‎Making, Gaze Behavior and Tennis Service ‎Skill Learning

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Niloufar Zamani Fard 1
Daryoush Khajavi 2
Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh 3

1 MSc, Sports Sciences Faculty, University of Arak, Arak, Iran

2 Associated Professor, Sports Sciences Faculty, University of Arak, Arak, Iran

3 PhD, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2022.334138.1627
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: the current study was to ‎examine the effect of quiet eye training on decision making, gaze behavior and ‎tennis service skill learning.‎
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-‎post-test design with a 14-day follow-up period, 30 novices male tennis players of ‎Isfahan House with an age range of 20 to 30 were selected and those located in ‎quiet eye training and control groups. In the pre-test phase, the participants ‎performed 12 tennis services, which also measured the participants' gaze behavior ‎during the operation. Participants' service was also recorded by GoPro camera to ‎measure decision making. In addition, participants' performance was recorded by ‎the researcher. Then, the experimental group performed the desired exercises for 8 ‎weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session. During this period, the ‎control group performed their daily activities. At the end of 24 practice sessions, the ‎post-test phase, and two weeks after the last session, the retention phase was ‎performed as the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis ‎of variance.‎
Results: The results showed that quiet eye training have a significant effect on ‎improving decision making, increasing the length of the quiet eye period and ‎increasing the performance of the tennis service (P <0.05).‎
Conclusion: The results of this study support the pre programming hypothesis that ‎the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.‎

Keywords

Gaze training
quiet eye
decision making
pre programming hypothesis
tennis
  1. Ibáñez-Gijón J, Buekers M, Morice A, Rao G, Mascret N, Laurin J, et al. A scale-based approach to interdisciplinary research and expertise in sports. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2017;35(3):290-301.
  2. Lex H, Essig K, Knoblauch A, Schack T. Cognitive representations and cognitive processing of team-specific tactics in soccer. PloS one. 2015;10(2):e0118219.
  3. García-González L, Araújo D, Carvalho J, Del Villar F. Panorámica de las teorías y métodos de investigación en torno a la toma de decisiones en el tenis. Revista de Psicología del deporte. 2011;20(2):645-66.
  4. Alves H, Voss M, Boot WR, Deslandes A, Cossich V, Inacio Salles J, et al. Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in psychology. 2013;4:36.
  5. McPherson SL, Kernodle M. Mapping two new points on the tennis expertise continuum: Tactical skills of adult advanced beginners and entry-level professionals during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2007;25(8):945-59.
  6. Moran A. Thinking in action: Some insights from cognitive sport psychology. Thinking Skills and Creativity. 2012;7(2):85-92.
  7. Johnson JG. Cognitive modeling of decision making in sports. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2006;7(6):631-52.
  8. Macquet A-C. Recognition within the decision-making process: A case study of expert volleyball players. Journal of Applied sport psychology. 2009;21(1):64-79.
  9. Lorains M, Ball K, MacMahon C. Expertise differences in a video decision-making task: Speed influences on performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2013;14(2):293-7.
  10. Marasso D, Laborde S, Bardaglio G, Raab M. A developmental perspective on decision making in sports. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2014;7(1):251-73.
  11. Hancock DJ, Ste-Marie DM. Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher-and lower-level ice hockey referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2013;14(1):66-71.
  12. Martell SG. Quiet eye as an indicator of decision-making in ice hockey: Graduate Studies; 2001.
  13. Vickers JN. Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action: Human Kinetics; 2007.
  14. Mann DT, Coombes SA, Mousseau MB, Janelle CM. Quiet eye and the Bereitschaftspotential: visuomotor mechanisms of expert motor performance. Cognitive processing. 2011;12(3):223-34.
  15. Vickers JN. Gaze control in putting. Perception. 1992;21(1):117-32.
  16. Lebeau J-C, Liu S, Sáenz Moncaleano C, Sanduvete Chaves S, Chacón Moscoso S, Becker BJ, et al. Quiet eye and performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38 (5), 441-457. 2016.
  17. Vine SJ, Moore LJ, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training: The acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills. European journal of sport science. 2014;14(sup1):S235-S42.
  18. Vickers JN, Vandervies B, Kohut C, Ryley B. Quiet eye training improves accuracy in basketball field goal shooting. Progress in brain research. 2017;234:1-12.
  19. Vickers JN, Causer J, Vanhooren D. The role of quiet eye timing and location in the basketball three-point shot: A new research paradigm. Frontiers in psychology. 2019:2424.
  20. Jacobson N, Berleman-Paul Q, Mangalam M, Kelty-Stephen DG, Ralston C. Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting. Human Movement Science. 2021;76:102752.
  21. Norouzi E, Hosseini FS, Vaezmosavi M, Gerber M, Pühse U, Brand S. Effect of Quiet Eye and Quiet Mind Training on Motor Learning Among Novice Dart Players. Motor control. 2019;24(2):204-21.
  22. Sharafian F, Shahbazi M, Tahmasebi Boroujeni S. Effect of Technical and Quiet Eye Training on the Gaze Behavior and Long-Term Learning of Volleyball Serve Reception in 10 to 12-Year-Old Female. International Journal of School Health. 2019;6(3):1-6.
  23. Miles CA, Vine SJ, Wood G, Vickers JN, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training improves throw and catch performance in children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2014;15(5):511-5.
  24. Miles C, Wood G, Vine SJ, Vickers J, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training facilitates visuomotor coordination in children with developmental coordination disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015;40:31-41.
  25. Shamshiri N, Meshkati Z, Badami R. The effect of quiet eye training on muscle activity and targeting-interceptive skill accuracy in children with learning disorder. 2021.
  26. Williams AM, Ward P. Anticipation and decision making: Exploring new horizons. 2007.
  27. Williams AM, Ward P, Knowles JM, Smeeton NJ. Anticipation skill in a real-world task: measurement, training, and transfer in tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 2002;8(4):259.
  28. Murray NP, Hunfalvay M. A comparison of visual search strategies of elite and non-elite tennis players through cluster analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2017;35(3):241-6.
  29. Ward P, Williams AM, Bennett SJ. Visual search and biological motion perception in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2002;73(1):107-12.
  30. Goulet C, Bard C, Fleury M. Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve: A visual information processing approach. Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology. 1989;11(4):382-98.
  31. Kalén A, Bisagno E, Musculus L, Raab M, Pérez-Ferreirós A, Williams AM, et al. The role of domain-specific and domain-general cognitive functions and skills in sports performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin. 2021;147(12):1290.
  32. Reina R, Moreno FJ, Sanz D. Visual Behavior and Motor Responses of Novice and Experienced Wheelchair Tennis Players Relative to the Service Return. Adapted physical activity quarterly. 2007;24(3).
  33. Sáenz-Moncaleano C, Basevitch I, Tenenbaum G. Gaze behaviors during serve returns in tennis: A comparison between intermediate-and high-skill players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2018;40(2):49-59.
  34. Moran A, Quinn A, Campbell M, Rooney B, Brady N, Burke C. Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2016;5(4):365.
  35. Wood G, Wilson MR. A moving goalkeeper distracts penalty takers and impairs shooting accuracy. Journal of sports sciences. 2010;28(9):937-46.
  36. Vine S, Klostermann A. ‘Success is in the eye of the beholder’: A special issue on the quiet eye. European journal of sport science. 2017;17(1):70-3.
  37. Nielsen TM, McPherson SL. Response selection and execution skills of professionals and novices during singles tennis competition. Perceptual and motor skills. 2001;93(2):541-55.
  38. McPherson SL, Thomas JR. Relation of knowledge and performance in boys' tennis: Age and expertise. Journal of experimental child psychology. 1989;48(2):190-211.
  39. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions: john wiley & sons; 2013.
  40. Prieto L, Lamarca R, Casado A. Assessment of the reliability of clinical findings: the intraclass correlation coefficient. Medicina Clinica. 1998;110(4):142-5.
Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Volume 14, Issue 1
Spring 2022
Pages 125-145

  • Receive Date 17 November 2021
  • Revise Date 25 May 2022
  • Accept Date 18 June 2022

Home

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us