Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Scientific Journal

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS)

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Hossein Samadi 1
Jalil Moradi 2
Saeid Ahar 3

1 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.

2 Department of Physical Education, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.

3 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran .

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2022.340871.1646
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of referees' role in holding sports competitions and the impact of referees' decisions on the outcome of the game, little research has been done on various aspects of the referees' profession and occupation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees.
Methods: The present research, was a descriptive-correlational study. For this purpose, 228 referees of team and individual sports completed the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees. First, using the open-translation method, the accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed, and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used, and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for the time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with the test-retest method was used.
Results: The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than (0.90). Time reliability (0.76) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for self-efficacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained.
Conclusion: Based on the results, the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees has structural validity and internal and temporal reliability desirable and acceptable for referees of team and individual sports and therefore can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the self-efficacy of Iranian referees.

Keywords

Self-efficacy
Referees
Structural validity
Internal consistency
Time reliability
Aguilar, J. L., Castillo-Rodriguez, A., Chinchilla-Minguet, J. L., & Onetti-Onetti, W. (2021). Relationship between age, category and experience with the soccer referee’s self-efficacy. PeerJ, 9, e11472.
Aguilar, J., Burgueño, R., Castillo-Rodriguez, A., & Onetti-Onetti, W. (2022). Analyzing the relationship between self-efficacy and impulsivity in amateur soccer referees. PeerJ, 10, e13058.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
Bandura, A. (1997). Efficacy: The exercise of control. NewYork, NY: Freeman. Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. In (Vol. 38, pp. 9-44): Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive therapy and research, 1(4), 287-310.
Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of applied psychology, 88(1), 87.
Castillo-Rodríguez, A., Muñoz-Arjona, C., & Onetti-Onetti, W. (2021). National vs. non-national soccer referee: Physiological, physical and psychological characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-9.
Cunningham, I., & Sullivan, P. (2020). Testing the factor validity of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) in non-invasion sports officials. International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research, 4(1), 12-15.
Cuskelly, G., Smith, C., & Rynne, J. (2008). Predicting the Retention of Sports Officials: The Influence of Stress, Commitment and Perceived Organisational Support.
Diotaiuti, P., Falese, L., Mancone, S., Corrado, S., Mallia, L., Zelli, A., & Lucidi, F. (2020). Psychometric Properties and Reliability of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) in Volleyball Referees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8423.
Diotaiuti, P., Falese, L., Mancone, S., & Purromuto, F. (2017). A structural Model of Self-efficacy in Handball Referees. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 811.
E Pina, J. A., Passos, A. M., Maynard, M. T., & Sinval, J. (2021). Self-efficacy, mental models and team adaptation: A first approach on football and futsal refereeing. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101787.
Ede, A., Hwang, S., & Feltz, D. L. (2011). Current directions in self-efficacy research in sport. Revista iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte, 6(2), 181-202.
Eskiyecek, C. G., Satici, O., Ozaltas, H. N., Savucu, Y., & Gul, M. (2019). An Analysis on General Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Swimming Referees in Terms of Demographic Variables. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(5), 259-266.
Feltz, D. L., & Lirgg, C. D. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs of athletes, teams, and coaches. Handbook of sport psychology, 2(2001), 340-361.
Gill, S. A., Butt, M. Z. I., & ud Din, B. M. (2022). A Comparative Study of Referee and General Self-Efficacy between Football & Hockey Elite Referees of Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 59(1), 241.
Guillén, F., Feltz, D., Gilson, T., & Dithurbide, L. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Referee Self Efficacy Scale (REFS). Psicol. Deporte, 28, 15-24.
Guillén, F., & Feltz, D. L. (2011). A conceptual model of referee efficacy. Frontiers in psychology, 2, 25.
Guillén, F. (2003). Características de eficacia requeridas en los árbitros y jueces deportivos [Effectiveness characteristics required from referees and sports judges]. Psicología del arbitraje y el juicio deportivo, 55-75.
Hancock, D. J., Dawson, D. J., & Auger, D. (2015). Why Ref? Understanding sport officials’ motivations to begin, continue, and quit. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité(87), 31-39.
Hancock, D. J., Rix-Lièvre, G., & Côté, J. (2015). Citation network analysis of research on sport officials: A lack of interconnectivity. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 95-105.
Johansen, B. T., Ommundsen, Y., & Haugen, T. (2018). Referee efficacy in the context of Norwegian soccer referees–A meaningful construct? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 184-191.
Karafil, A. Y., & Akgül, M. H. (2021). Investigation on self-efficacy on job satisfaction of soccer referees. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 27(3), 70-82.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications.
Labudek, S., Schweizer, G., Roth, A., Pizzera, A., Plessner, H., & Brand, R. (2019). REFS-D: Eine deutschsprachige Skala zur Erfassung der Schiedsrichterselbstwirksamkeit. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie.
Lirgg, C. D., Feltz, D. L., & Merrie, M. D. (2016). Self-efficacy of sports officials: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Sport Behavior, 39(1).
Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of psychology, 139(5), 439-457.
Myers, N. D., Feltz, D. L., Guillén, F., & Dithurbide, L. (2012). Development of, and initial validity evidence for, the referee self-efficacy scale: a multistudy report. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34(6).
Myers, N. D., Feltz, D. L., & Wolfe, E. W. (2008). A confirmatory study of rating scale category effectiveness for the coaching efficacy scale. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3), 300-311.
Nazarudin, M. N., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., & Din, A. (2009). Malaysian rugby referees perception on the athletes, coaches, and spectators misconduct: a case study. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 102-106.
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R., & Levy, A. R. (2010). Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes. European journal of sport science, 10(2), 97-102.
Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Andrianarisoa, J., & Brunel, P. (2009). Passion in referees: examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(1).
Pulur, A. (2017). Examining the Relationship between Referee Self-Efficacy and General Self-Efficacy Levels of Basketball Referees in Terms of Certain Variables. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(8), 37-45.
Ramezani Nejad, R., Mirjamali, E., & Rahmani Nia, F. (2013). Investigating the stressors of national and international sports referees in Iran. Journal of Sport Management Studies, 4(16), 207-224.
Rodkjaer, L., Chesney, M., Lomborg, K., Ostergaard, L., Laursen, T., & Sodemann, M. (2014). HIV-infected individuals with high coping self-efficacy are less likely to report depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study from Denmark. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22, 67-72.
Şahin, N., Bilir, F. P., & Yıldırım, A. (2020). Self-Efficacy and decision making of hockey referees. International Journal, 76(8/1).
Sullivan, P. J., & Kent, A. (2003). Coaching efficacy as a predictor of leadership style in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(1), 1-11.
Vealey, R. S., Garner-Holman, M., Hayashi, S. W., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of sport-confidence: Conceptualization and instrument development. Journal of Sport and Exercise psychology, 20(1), 54-80.
Warner, S., Tingle, J., & Kellett, P. (2013). Officiating attrition: Considering the experiences of referees from a sport development perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 316-328.
Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Volume 14, Issue 2
Summer 2022
Pages 69-86

  • Receive Date 10 January 2022
  • Revise Date 14 February 2022
  • Accept Date 17 February 2022

Home

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us