Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Scientific Journal

Investigating the Effect of 12 Weeks of Aerobic and Resistance Training on the Levels of Anger, Happiness, and Anxiety in Middle-Aged Women with Type-2 Diabetes

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Elina Kiani SHahvandi 1
Adell Donyai 2

1 Dept of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology , Shahrood, Iran.

2 Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology , Shahrood, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.359897.1729
Abstract
Introduction: Psychological disorders have a high prevalence among the population with diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on the levels of anger, happiness, and anxiety of women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Thirty-seven women with type-2 diabetes were randomly assigned into two training (18 people, age: 60.6 ± 6.3 years, body mass index: 30.2 ± 1.3 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar: 161.4 ± 15.1 mg/dL) and control (19 people, age: 60.6 ± 6.4 years, body mass index: 29.9 ± 1.2 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar: 169.1 ± 16.1 mg/dL) groups. The training program consisted of 20 minutes of aerobic training with 50-75 % of heart rate reserve and also 40 minutes of resistance training with 50-75 % of 1RM, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. STAXI-2, PSWQ and Oxford Happiness Questionnaires were completed before and 48 hours after the training intervention. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance statistical tests at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that after the training intervention, the subjects' anger (0.001) and worry (0.001) levels decreased and their happiness levels (0.001) increased significantly both compared with the pre-test and compared with the control group.
Conclusion: It seems that 12 weeks of combined training (resistance + aerobic) is suitable for improving disorders related to anger, happiness, and anxiety in women with type-2 diabetes and also can help these people manage this disease and related complications.

Keywords

Anger
Anxiety
Combined Exercise Training
HappinessType 2 Diabetes
Anderson, E., & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 27; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027.  
Bakhshipour Roodsari, A., Dejkam, M., Mehryar, A. H., & Birashk, B. (2004). Structural relationships between dimensions of DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders and dimensions of tripartite model. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 9(4), 63-76. (In Persian).
Baptista, L. C., Machado-Rodrigues, A. M., & Martins, R. A. (2017). Exercise but not metformin improves health-related quality of life and mood states in older adults with type 2 diabetes. European journal of sport science, 17(6), 794-804; https://doi.org/710.1080/17461391.17462017.11310933.
Brown, T. A. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Multiple factors or method effects?. Behaviour research and therapy, 41(12), 1411-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00059-7
Daya, R., Bayat, Z., & Raal, F. J. (2016). Effects of diabetes mellitus on health-related quality of life at a tertiary hospital in South Africa: A cross-sectional study. South African Medical Journal, 106(9), 918-928. https://doi.org / 10.7196/SAMJ.2016.v106i9.9899
Del Barrio, V., Aluja, A., & Spielberger, C. (2004). Anger assessment with the STAXI-CA: Psychometric properties of a new instrument for children and adolescents. Personality and individual differences, 37(2), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.014
Deschênes, S. S., Burns, R. J., & Schmitz, N. (2015). Associations between diabetes, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder comorbidity, and disability: Findings from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health (CCHS-MH). Journal of psychosomatic research, 78(2), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.11.023
Ducat, L., Philipson, L. H., & Anderson, B. J. (2014). The mental health comorbidities of diabetes. Jama, 312(7), 691-692.https://doi.org/610.1001/jama.2014.8040
Ganasegeran, K., Renganathan, P., Manaf, R. A., & Al-Dubai, S. A. R. (2014). Factors associated with anxiety and depression among type 2 diabetes outpatients in Malaysia: a descriptive cross-sectional single-centre study. BMJ open, 4(4), e004794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004794
Gilani, S. R. M., & Feizabad, A. K. (2019). The effects of aerobic exercise training on mental health and self-esteem of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Health psychology research, 7(1). https:/doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2019.6576
Gordon, B. R., McDowell, C. P., Lyons, M., & Herring, M. P. (2020). Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise training among young adults with and without analogue generalized anxiety disorder: a protocol for pilot randomized controlled trials. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 18, 100321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100321
Gordon, B. R., McDowell, C. P., Lyons, M., & Herring, M. P. (2021). Resistance exercise training among young adults with analogue generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of affective disorders, 281, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.020
Guerrero Fernández de Alba, I., Gimeno-Miguel, A., Poblador-Plou, B., Gimeno-Feliu, L. A., Ioakeim-Skoufa, I., Rojo-Martínez, G., . . . Prados-Torres, A. (2020). Association between mental health comorbidity and health outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-9.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76546-9
Herring, M. P., Hallgren, M., & Campbell, M. J. (2017). Acute exercise effects on worry, state anxiety, and feelings of energy and fatigue among young women with probable generalized anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.009
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and individual differences, 33(7), 1073-1082.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
Jafari, A., Abedi, M., & Liyaghatdar, M. (2004). Happiness in students of the Isfahan Medical Sciences University, degree and effective factors. Teb va Tazkie, 13(3), 15-23.
Jorge, M. L. M. P., de Oliveira, V. N., Resende, N. M., Paraiso, L. F., Calixto, A., Diniz, A. L. D., ... & Geloneze, B. (2011). The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 60(9), 1244-1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2011.01.006
Kalra, S., Das, A. K., Priya, G., Joshi, A., Punyani, H., Krishna, N., & Gaurav, K. (2021). An expert opinion on “glycemic happiness”: delineating the concept and determinant factors for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinics and Practice, 11(3), 543-560. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract11030071
Khazaee‐Pool, M., Sadeghi, R., Majlessi, F., & Rahimi Foroushani, A. (2015). Effects of physical exercise programme on happiness among older people. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 22(1), 47-57; https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12168
Khodayari-Fard, M., Lavasani, M., Akbari_Zardkhane, S. E., & Liaghat, S. (2010). Psychomertic properties spielberger's state-trait anger expression inventory-2 among of Iranian students. Archives of Rehabilitation, 11(1), 47-56. (In Persian)
Lee, J., Kim, J., Chow, A., & Piatt, J. A. (2021). Different levels of physical activity, physical health, happiness, and depression among older adults with diabetes. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7, 2333721421995623. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721421995623
Liu, S. Y., Huang, J., Dong, Q. L., Li, B., Zhao, X., Xu, R., & Yin, H. F. (2020). Diabetes distress, happiness, and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different therapies. Medicine, 99(11). https://doi.org/ 10.1097/MD.0000000000018831
Magkos, F., Hjorth, M. F., & Astrup, A. (2020). Diet and exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16(10), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5
Malhotra, P. (2019). Exercise and its impact on anger management. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences, 3(4), 132-137. https://doi.org/ 10.31080/ASMS.2019.03.0278
McDowell, C. P., Gordon, B. R., MacDonncha, C., & Herring, M. P. (2019). Physical activity correlates among older adults with probable generalized anxiety disorder: results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. General hospital psychiatry, 59, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.012
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour research and therapy, 28(6), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106 (September), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003
Moylan, S., Eyre, H. A., Maes, M., Baune, B. T., Jacka, F. N., & Berk, M. (2013). Exercising the worry away: how inflammation, oxidative and nitrogen stress mediates the beneficial effect of physical activity on anxiety disorder symptoms and behaviours. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(4), 573-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.003
Moylan, S., Eyre, H. A., Maes, M., Baune, B. T., Jacka, F. N., & Berk, M. (2013). Exercising the worry away: how inflammation, oxidative and nitrogen stress mediates the beneficial effect of physical activity on anxiety disorder symptoms and behaviours. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(4), 573-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.003
Najafi, M., Dehshiri, G., Dabiri, S., SHeikhi, M., & Jafari, N. (2013). Psychometric properties of farsi version of the oxford happiness questionnaire among college students. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 3(10), 55-74. (In Persian)
Salesi, M., & Jowkar, B. (2011). Effects of exercise and physical activity on happiness of postmenopausal female. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 6(2), 0-0. (In Persian)
Sardar, M. A., Boghrabadi, V., Sohrabi, M., Aminzadeh, R., & Jalalian, M. (2014). The effects of aerobic exercise training on psychosocial aspects of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Global journal of health science, 6(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n2p196
Seraj-Alghoom, M., Babakhani, V., & Salahian, A. (2019). Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management on Happiness and Quality of Life of Relief workers in Red Crescent Society of Shemiranat, Iran. Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief, 11(2), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.52547/jorar.11.2.72
Sousa, R. A. L. D., Improta-Caria, A. C., & Souza, B. S. d. F. (2021). Exercise–linked irisin: consequences on mental and cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042199
Steptoe, A. (2019). Happiness and health. Annual review of public health, 40, 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150
Taşkın Yılmaz, F., Karakoç Kumsar, A., & Yeşildağ, B. (2018). The relation between anger level and  metabolic control variables in type 2 diabetes; International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11( 1), Page 502-511
Thom, N. J., O’CONNOR, P. J., Clementz, B. A., & Dishman, R. K. (2019). Acute exercise prevents angry mood induction but does not change angry emotions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(7), 1451-1459. https://doi.org/ 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001922
Tokmakidis, S. P., Zois, C. E., Volaklis, K. A., Kotsa, K., & Touvra, A. M. (2004). The effects of a combined strength and aerobic exercise program on glucose control and insulin action in women with type 2 diabetes. European journal of applied physiology, 92, 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1174-6
Vassou, C., D’Cunha, N. M., Naumovski, N., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2020). Hostile personality as a risk factor for hyperglycemia and obesity in adult populations: a systematic review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19, 1659-1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00551-y
Whitworth, S., Bruce, D., Starkstein, S., Davis, W., Davis, T., & Bucks, R. (2016). Lifetime depression and anxiety increase prevalent psychological symptoms and worsen glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 122, 190-197.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.023
Zhang, Z., & Chen, W. (2019). A systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and happiness. Journal of happiness studies, 20(4), 1305-1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9976-0
Zinbarg, R. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Structure of anxiety and the anxiety disorders: a hierarchical model. Journal of abnormal psychology, 105(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.181
Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Volume 15, Issue 4
Autumn 2023
Pages 21-36

  • Receive Date 25 May 2023
  • Revise Date 17 June 2023
  • Accept Date 23 June 2023

Home

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us