The Effect of Morning Exercise on the Process of Cognitive Self-Regulation of Emotion in Second-Grade Elementary School Students

Alikhani, Hasan; Sayari, Narjes

doi:10.22059/jsmdl.2023.361575.1738

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Hasan Alikhani ¹
Narjes Sayari ²

¹ Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran

² Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.361575.1738

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of morning exercise based on coordinated movements on the process of cognitive self-regulation of emotions in second-grade male elementary school students.
Method: The current research was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and a post-test along with a control group design. For this purpose, 40 students from the second-grade elementary school were selected by the available sampling method and then randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Garnefski and Kraaij’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) was used in both the pre-test and post-test phases. According to the instructions of the Sports for All Federation and the researcher's design, the experimental group participated in morning exercise based on coordinated movements for 8 weeks, 5 days a week, and for 20 minutes every day. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done through analysis of covariance with a significance level of 0.05 via SPSS 24 software.
Results: Morning exercise had a significant effect on the improvement of students' self-regulated emotion and caused an increase to it. The results of the Wilk’s Lambda test (P=0.0001) and the within-group and between-group contrast test in the experimental group (P=0.0001) and the control group (P=0.09) showed the progress and significant difference of the experimental group compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Participating in morning exercise based on coordinated movements increases students' self-regulation of emotion. Therefore, it is suggested that sports coaches and relevant officials of schools consider morning exercise in the daily schedule of schools.

Keywords

References

Aghayinejad, J., Faramarzi, S., & Karimi, M. (2015). The Effect of a Period of Regular Exercise Activity on the Improvement of Adaptive Behavior in Educable Mentally Retarded Students. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 6(4), 511-529. https//doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2015.52772 (In Persian)

Ahn, J., Jeon, H., & Kwon, S. (2016). Associations between self-regulation, exercise participation, and adherence intention among Korean university students. Perceptual and motor skills, 123(1), 324-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516659874

Aminabadi, Z., Dehghani, M., & Khoda Panahi, M.K.( 2013). Examining the factorial structure and validation of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Science magazine Behavior (4), 365-372.

(In Persian)

Arab Momeni, E. Y. ( 2019, March). Comparison of the effect of two morning exercise programs based on rhythmic movements with music and traditional method on self-discipline and interest in continuing sports participation in secondary school girls, 6th International Conference on Sports and Health Studies in the Islamic World, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

Bagheri ‚M. (2014, December).The effect of morning exercise on reducing the aggression of fifth grade elementary school students. National conference of primary education3. Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran. (In Persian)

Barzegar Bafrooei K, Mirjalili M,& shirahany A.(2015). The Role of Motion Games, Art and Music in Reducing Behavioral Problems in Children with Learning Disabilities. J Except Educ; 7 (135):52-62. (In Persian)

Blum‚D. (2022) . Short Intense Movement Can Improve Your Health. https://www.nytimes.com

Boat, R., & Cooper, S. B. (2019). Self-control and exercise: a review of the bi-directional relationship. Brain Plasticity, 5(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/ 10.3233/BPL-190082

Cole, J., Logan, T. K., & Walker, R. (2011). Social exclusion, personal control, self-regulation, and stress among substance abuse treatment clients. Drug and alcohol dependence, 113(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.018

Curran, M., Drayson, M. T., Andrews, R. C., Zoppi, C., Barlow, J. P., Solomon, T. P., & Narendran, P. (2020). The benefits of physical exercise for the health of the pancreatic β‐cell: A review of the evidence. Experimental Physiology, 105(4), 579-589. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088220

Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports medicine, 41, 641-671. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000

Espinet, S. D., Anderson, J. E., & Zelazo, P. D. (2013). Reflection training improves executive function in preschool-age children: Behavioral and neural effects. Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 4, 3-15.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.009

Farahani, A., Keshavarz, L., & Jadidian, S. (2012). The influence of morning sport on educational improvement of female students. Contemporary Studies on Sport Management, 1(1), 15-26. (In Persian)

Fuentealba-Urra, S., Rubio, A., González-Carrasco, M., Oyanedel, J. C., & Céspedes-Carreno, C. (2023). Mediation effect of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being in Chilean adolescents. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 13386. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39843-7

Gall, S. (2015). Correlation between physical fitness, self-control, attention and academic achievement in socially disadvantaged schoolchildren aged 9-12 from Port Elizabeth, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, Universität).

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual differences, 30(8), 1311-1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869 (00)00113-6

Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European journal of psychological assessment, 23(3), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141

Ghaderi, N., Aslankhani, M. A., Zareian, E., & Bagherli, J. (2022). The effect of selected games on the improvement and persistence of working memory and self-concept of children with developmental coordination disorders. Sports Psychology, 1401(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.29252/mbsp.2021.223451.1049 (In Persian)

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271

Hernández, M. M., Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Berger, R. H., Spinrad, T. L., VanSchyndel, S. K., ... & Thompson, M. S. (2017). Elementary students’ effortful control and academic achievement: The mediating role of teacher–student relationship quality. Early childhood research quarterly, 40, 98-109.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.10.004

Kamran, F. (2022, December). The effect of exercise on mental health in female students. The 15th National Conference on Law, Social and Human Sciences, Psychology and Counseling. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

Liu, J., Gao, S., & Zhang, L. (2022). Effects of Physical Exercises on Emotion Regulation: A Meta-Analysis. medRxiv, 2022-07. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.04.22277120

López-Gil, J. F., Oriol-Granado, X., Izquierdo, M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Fernández-Vergara, O., Olloquequi, J., & García-Hermoso, A. (2020). Healthy lifestyle behaviors and their association with self-regulation in Chilean children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5676.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165676

Mashhadi, A., Mir_Doroghi, F., & Hasani, J. (2011). The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Internalizing Disorders of Children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(3), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2060 (In Persian)

Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., ... & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108

Navidi, I., Ghofranipour, F., Taheri, Z., Khorsandi, M. (2014). The Effect of Morning Exercise on Quality of Life among Health Center Staff in Arak City: A Short Report. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 14 (2): 161-166. (In Persian)

Niknam , P., Ghanbari ,M., Dehghan SA(2018, July). The effect of morning exercise on social education and students' learning, International Conference on New Research Achievements in Sports Sciences and Physical Education in Iran and the Islamic World, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)

Rizondi, B., Sepah Vandi M ., Viskarmi, H.(2017, September). Investigating the effect of morning exercise on the academic progress of sixth grade male students in Kermanshah. The first national conference on sustainable development in humanities and cultural studies of Iran, Tehran,Iran. (In Persian)

Saha, A. M. (2012). Effects of synchronous music on psychological responses, performance indices and physiological functioning among elite triathletes and runners (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Queensland).

Savina, E. (2021). Self-regulation in preschool and early elementary classrooms: Why it is important and how to promote it. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49(3), 493-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01094-w

Schneider, S., Askew, C. D., Abel, T., & Strüder, H. K. (2010). Exercise, music, and the brain: is there a central pattern generator? Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(12), 1337-1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.507252

Sharifi, A., Abdollahi, N., & Dehghan Ghahfarrokhi, A. (2021). Investigation to the effect of sport in decreasing the social deviations (case study: Shahr e Kord’s second high school students). Sport Management Journal, 12(4), 1187-1201. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2020.286760.2366

Tice, D. M., Baumeister, R. F., Shmueli, D., & Muraven, M. (2007). Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of experimental social psychology, 43(3), 379-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.007