Comparison of Some Postural and Functional Factors in the Elderly With and Without a History of Falling

Esmaeili, Kosar; Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah, Ebrahim; Homayounnia Firouzjah, Morteza; Hower, Heather

doi:10.22059/jsmdl.2023.365262.1747

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

¹ Department of exercise Physiology and Corrective exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

² Department of Exercises Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University , Urmia, Iran.

³ Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran , Iran.

⁴ University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, United States.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.365262.1747

Abstract

Introduction: Falling is one of the serious issues of old age that occurs due to many factors. This research aimed to compare static and dynamic balance, walking speed, spinal curvature, and central stability of elderly people with and without a history of falling.
Methods: The current research was a causal-comparative research. 60 elderly women aged between 60 and 70 from Tabriz voluntarily participated in the research. The participants were assigned into two groups with and without a history of falling. The fall history of the participants was measured by the Fall Efficacy Scale. The static and dynamic balance were evaluated by Sharpened-Romberg and Timed Up and Go tests, respectively. Walking speed was measured with a 10-meter walk test, core stability was measured with McGill endurance tests, and spinal curvature was measured with a flexible ruler. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean variables in two groups.
Results: The results showed a significant difference between the static and dynamic balance indices, lumbar spine curvature, walking speed, and core stability in the elderly with and without a history of falling. However, there was no significant difference between the curvature index of the lumbar spine in the elderly with and without a history of falling.
Conclusion: According to the research results, it seems necessary to develop and improve the indices of balance, walking speed, and core stability in people with a history of falling.

Keywords

References

Abdullah Chalaki, M., Karimizadeh Ardakani, M., & Khalaghi Birak Olia, K. (2022). Comparison of the Effects of Two Types of Gait-Retraining Approach on the Balance and Motor Performance of Elderly Women at Risk of Falling. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 11(4), 534-547. https://doi.org/ 10.32598/SJRM.11.4.1

Akbari Kamrani, A. A., Zamani Sani, S. H., Fathi Rezaie, Z., & Aghdasi, M. T. (2010). Concurrent validity of functional gait assessment, timed up and go, and gait speed tests in the Persian community-dwelling elderly. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 8(2), 15-20. (In Persian)

Anand, V., Buckley, J. G., Scally, A., & Elliott, D. B. (2003). Postural stability in the elderly during sensory perturbations and dual tasking: the influence of refractive blur. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 44(7), 2885-2891. https://doi.org/ 10.1167/iovs.02-1031

Arnold, C., Lanovaz, J., Oates, A., Craven, B., & Butcher, S. (2015). The effect of adding core stability training to a standard balance exercise program on sit to stand performance in older adults: A pilot study. Journal of aging and physical activity, 23(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/ 10.1123/JAPA.2013-0115

Aslankhani, M. A., Farsi, A., Fathirezaie, Z., Zamani Sani, S. H., & Aghdasi, M. T. (2015). Validity and reliability of the timed up and go and the anterior functional reach tests in evaluating fall risk in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/ 10.32598/SJRM.11.4.1 (In Persian)

Bang, D. H., Shin, W. S., Noh, H. J., & Song, M. S. (2014). Effect of unstable surface training on walking ability in stroke patients. Journal of physical therapy science, 26(11), 1689-1691. https://doi.org/ 10.1589/jpts.26.1689

Beyranvand, R., Sahebozamani, M., & Daneshjoo, A. (2017). The effect of hyperkyphosis on balance recovery strategy of young and old people in response to sudden perturbations. Daneshvar Medicine, 25(3), 37-46. (In Persian)

Choi, C. J., Lim, H. W., Park, M. K., Cho, J. G., Im, G. J., & Chae, S. W. (2011). Does the kyphotic change decrease the risk of fall?. Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology, 4(3), 118-121. https://doi.org/ 10.3342/ceo.2011.4.3.118

Choi, J. H., & Kim, N. J. (2015). The effects of balance training and ankle training on the gait of elderly people who have fallen. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(1), 139-142. https://doi.org/ 10.1589/jpts.27.139

Crisco, J. J., Panjabi, M. M., Yamamoto, I., & Oxland, T. R. (1992). Euler stability of the human ligamentous lumbar spine. Part II: Experiment. Clinical biomechanics, 7(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0268-0033(92)90004-N

Delbaere, K., Crombez, G., Vanderstraeten, G., Willems, T., & Cambier, D. (2004). Fear-related avoidance of activities, falls and physical frailty. A prospective community-based cohort study. Age and ageing, 33(4), 368-373. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ageing/afh106

Faber, L. M., Moreira, L. A., & Scheicher, M. E. (2019). Comparison of static balance and mobility between nursing home residents and community-dwelling elderly. Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal, 1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2019.17.749

Forbes, G. B., & Reina, J. C. (1970). Adult lean body mass declines with age: some longitudinal observations. Metabolism, 19(9), 653-663. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0026-0495(70)90062-4

Ghanavati, T., Salavati, M., Karimi, N., Negahban, H., Takamjani, I. E., Mehravar, M., & Hessam, M. (2014). Intra-limb coordination while walking is affected by cognitive load and walking speed. Journal of biomechanics, 47(10), 2300-2305. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.038

Godinho, C. A. (2013). Estudo do comportamento postural em doentes com doença de Parkinson: caracterização e análise segundo metodologias tradicionais e não lineares. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5976

Granacher, U., Gollhofer, A., Hortobágyi, T., Kressig, R. W., & Muehlbauer, T. (2013). The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 43, 627-641. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40279-013-0041-1

Gupta, M. A. (1990). Fear of aging: A precipitating factor in late onset anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(2), 221-224. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/1098-108X(199003)9:2<22

Hasanvand, H., Bagheri Sabzevar, A., Moradi, H., & Norasteh, A. (2015). Comparing the musculoskeletal profile of the elderly with and without history of falling. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10(3), 72-81. (In Persian)

Hsu, W. L., Chen, C. Y., Tsauo, J. Y., & Yang, R. S. (2014). Balance control in elderly people with osteoporosis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 113(6), 334-339. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jfma.2014.02.006

Inacio, M., Ryan, A. S., Bair, W. N., Prettyman, M., Beamer, B. A., & Rogers, M. W. (2014). Gluteal muscle composition differentiates fallers from non-fallers in community dwelling older adults. BMC geriatrics, 14(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2318-14-37

Jeffries, L. J., Milanese, S. F., & Grimmer-Somers, K. A. (2007). Epidemiology of adolescent spinal pain: a systematic overview of the research literature. Spine, 32(23), 2630-2637. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318158d70b

Kado, D. M. (2009). The rehabilitation of hyperkyphotic posture in the elderly. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 45(4), 583-593. PMID: 20032918

Kasukawa, Y., Miyakoshi, N., Hongo, M., Ishikawa, Y., Kudo, D., Suzuki, M., ... & Shimada, Y. (2017). Age-related changes in muscle strength and spinal kyphosis angles in an elderly Japanese population. Clinical interventions in aging, 413-420. https://doi.org/ 10.2147/CIA.S113352

Kasukawa, Y., Miyakoshi, N., Hongo, M., Ishikawa, Y., Noguchi, H., Kamo, K., ... & Shimada, Y. (2010). Relationships between falls, spinal curvature, spinal mobility and back extensor strength in elderly people. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism, 28, 82-87. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00774-009-0107-1

Katzman, W. B., Wanek, L., Shepherd, J. A., & Sellmeyer, D. E. (2010). Age-related hyperkyphosis: its causes, consequences, and management. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(6), 352-360. https://doi.org/ 10.2519/jospt.2010.3099

Khajavi, D. (2013). Validation and reliability of Persian version of fall efficacy scale-international (FES-I) in community-dwelling older adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 8(2), 39-47. (In Persian)

Kibler, W. B., Press, J., & Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports medicine, 36, 189-198. https://doi.org/ 10.2165/00007256-200636030-00001

Lee, S. S., & Piazza, S. J. (2012). Correlation between plantarflexor moment arm and preferred gait velocity in slower elderly men. Journal of biomechanics, 45(9), 1601-1606. https://doi.org/ 10.32598/SJRM.11.4.1

Lin, S. I. (2005). Physical activity to promote healthy aging-balance performance in elderly people. 30(6), 315-324. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.04.005

Lotfi, S. Azizi garme khani, Z. (2018). The effect of core stability training on static and dynamic balance in older men. Journal of geriatric nursing. 5 (1),18-27. (In Persian)

Mahdavi. S., Golpaigani, M., Shavandi, N., Farzaneh Hessari, A., Sheikh Hoseini, R. (2010). The Effect of Core Stabilization Training (Six Weeks) on Falling Rate in Elderly Female. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 5 (3). (In Persian)

McGill, S. M., Childs, A., & Liebenson, C. (1999). Endurance times for low back stabilization exercises: clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(8), 941-944. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90087-4

Mirmoezzi, M., Namazizadeh, M., Sadeghi, H., & Mohammadi, F. (2020). Effect of Walking Speed and Cognitive Load on Gait Stability in the Elderly. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 9(1), 156-163. https://doi.org/ 10.22037/jrm.2019.111801.2103 (In Persian)

Mirzaie, M., Darabi, S. (2017). Population Aging in Iran and Rising Health Care Costs. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 12 (2) :156-169. https://doi.org/ 10.21859/sija-1202156 (In Persian)

Miyachi, R., & Miyazaki, J. (2020, May). Relationship between lumbar motor control ability and spinal curvature in elderly individuals. In Healthcare (Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 130). MDPI. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/healthcare8020130

Rezaei evrigh M, Mohamadi F, Azimian J, motalebi S A. (2017). The effect of a simple balance training program on fall prevention in the elderly women hospitalized in razi psychiatric hospital, Tehran. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing, 3(4), 43-49. (In Persian)

Mohammadi, Z., Karimi, A., Parsapour, K., & Baharlouei, H. (2016). The Correlation between Thoracic and Lumbar Curves with Balance, Falling and Fear of Falling in Elderly. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 12(2), 63-67. https://doi.org/ 10.22122/jrrs.v12i2.2576 (In Persian)

Muehlbauer, T., Besemer, C., Wehrle, A., Gollhofer, A., & Granacher, U. (2012). Relationship between strength, power and balance performance in seniors. Gerontology, 58(6), 504-512. https://doi.org/ 10.1159/000341614

Murphy, S. L., Dubin, J. A., & Gill, T. M. (2003). The development of fear of falling among community-living older women: predisposing factors and subsequent fall events. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(10), M943-M947. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/gerona/58.10.m943.

Nejc, S., Loefler, S., Cvecka, J., Sedliak, M., & Kern, H. (2013). Strength training in elderly people improves static balance: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Translational Myology, 23(3), 85-89https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2013.1777.

Organization, W. H. (2019). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018: World Health Organization.

Orth, D., Davids, K., Wheat, J., Seifert, L., Liukkonen, J., Jaakkola, T., ... & Kerr, G. (2013). The role of textured material in supporting perceptual-motor functions. PloS one, 8(4), e60349. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0060349

Osoba, M. Y., Rao, A. K., Agrawal, S. K., & Lalwani, A. K. (2019). Balance and gait in the elderly: A contemporary review. Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 4(1), 143-153. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/lio2.252

Ozturk, T. C., Ak, R., Akoglu, E. U., Onur, O., Eroglu, S., & Saritemur, M. (2017). Factors associated with multiple falls among elderly patients admitted to emergency department. International Journal of Gerontology, 11(2), 85-89. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijge.2016.05.009

Parhizkar Kohneh Oghaz, J., Zarghami, M., Ghotbi Varzaneh, A., & Ghorbani, A. (2013). Age and Attentional Focus Related Differences in Postural Control. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 5(4), 41-56. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/jmlm.2013.35698

Persch, L. N., Ugrinowitsch, C., Pereira, G., & Rodacki, A. L. (2009). Strength training improves fall-related gait kinematics in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Biomechanics, 24(10), 819-825.

https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.07.012

Peters, D. M., Fritz, S. L., & Krotish, D. E. (2013). Assessing the reliability and validity of a shorter walk test compared with the 10-Meter Walk Test for measurements of gait speed in healthy, older adults. Journal of geriatric physical therapy, 36(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JPT.0b013e318248e20d

Petrofsky, J. S., Batt, J., Davis, N., Lohman, E., Laymon, M., De Leon, G. E., ... & Payken, C. E. (2007). Core muscle activity during exercise on a mini stability ball compared with abdominal crunches on the floor and on a swiss ball. Journal of Applied Research in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, 7(3), 255.

Phelan, E. A., Mahoney, J. E., Voit, J. C., & Stevens, J. A. (2015). Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. Medical Clinics, 99(2), 281-293. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.004

Piry, H., Naserpour, N., & Sheikhhosseini, R. (2023). The Effect of Core Stability Exercises on Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Older Men. Journal of Gerontology, 7(4), 61-74. https://doi.org/ 10.22034/JOGE.7.4.6 (In Persian)

Ruissen, G. R., Liu, Y., Schmader, T., Lubans, D. R., Harden, S. M., Wolf, S. A., ... & Beauchamp, M. R. (2020). Effects of group‐based exercise on flourishing and stigma consciousness among older adults: Findings from a randomised controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 12(2), 559-583. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/aphw.12197

Sadeghi, H., Noori, sh. (2015). Reliability Assessment of Functional Balance Tests in Endomorph Healthy Women 24 -34 years old. sports medicine and technology. 13(10) :1-15. https://doi.org/ 10.18869/acadpub.jsmt.13.10.1 (In Persian)

Seidi, F., Rajabi, R., Ebrahimi, I., Alizadeh, M. H., & Minoonejad, H. (2014). The efficiency of corrective exercise interventions on thoracic hyper-kyphosis angle. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 27(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/ 10.3233/BMR-130411

Shahrbanian, S., Hashemi, A., & Hemayattalab, R. (2021). The comparison of the effects of physical activity and neurofeedback training on postural stability and risk of fall in elderly women: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy theory and practice, 37(2), 271-278. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09593985.2019.1630877

Smith, A. M. (2007). Geriatric Neuropsychology: Assessment and Intervention Edited by Deborah K. Attix Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer: New York, NY: The Guilford Press© 2006 467 pages, $65.00 (hardcover) ISBN: 1-5938-5226-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270701764058

Tabatabaiasl, S. M., Sedaghati, P., & Javazi, F. (2020). Comparison of functional balance and probability of falling in the elderly with and without a history of falling living in care centers. Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 6(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/ 10.32598/biomechanics.6.2.6 (In Persian)

Ungar, A., Rafanelli, M., Iacomelli, I., Brunetti, M. A., Ceccofiglio, A., Tesi, F., & Marchionni, N. (2013). Fall prevention in the elderly. Clinical Cases in mineral and bone metabolism, 10(2), 91. PMCID: PMC3797008

Vaugoyeau, M., Viel, S., Amblard, B., Azulay, J. P., & Assaiante, C. (2008). Proprioceptive contribution of postural control as assessed from very slow oscillations of the support in healthy humans. Gait & posture, 27(2), 294-302. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.04.003

Whitbourne, S. K., & Skultety, K. M. (2002). Body image development: Adulthood and aging. Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice, 83-90.

Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Hauer, K., Kempen, G., Piot-Ziegler, C., & Todd, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age and ageing, 34(6), 614-619. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ageing/afi196

Zareiy, H., Norasteh, A., Koohboomi, M., & Rasht, I. (2018). Effect of combined training (strength and stretching) on balance, risk of falling, and quality of life in the elderly. J Rehab Med, 7(2), 201-8. https://doi.org/ 10.22037/JRM.2017.110651.1433 (In Persian)

Zijlstra, W. (2004). Assessment of spatio-temporal parameters during unconstrained walking. European journal of applied physiology, 92, 39-44. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00421-004-1041-5

Comparison of Some Postural and Functional Factors in the Elderly With and Without a History of Falling

References

References

Volume 16, Issue 2June 2024Pages 35-51

Volume 16, Issue 2
June 2024
Pages 35-51