mohammad reza shahabi kaseb; shima mohammadpour; rasool zeidabadi; Ensieh Sadat Askari Tabar
Abstract
Introduction: During their careers, sports referees are influenced by various internal and external factors and have different and diverse lived experiences that can affect their performance. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to investigate the psycho-social experiences of sports referees.
Methods: ...
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Introduction: During their careers, sports referees are influenced by various internal and external factors and have different and diverse lived experiences that can affect their performance. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to investigate the psycho-social experiences of sports referees.
Methods: In terms of methodology, this research is in the field of qualitative studies of the phenomenological type. The participants in the research included male and female referees in different team sports disciplines in 1400-1401, who had at least three years of judging experience in provincial leagues up to national professional leagues. The participants in the study were selected through purposeful sampling. Sampling continued until the stage of reaching saturation, and finally, 20 referees from different fields participated in the research. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the qualitative data, the seven-step Colisei method was used. Also, to avoid bias and convergence, multi-strain (data, researcher) was utilized.
Results: Based on the analysis of the findings of the present research, there are three main themes related to pleasant experiences, including problem-oriented coping strategies, using mental skills, and mental resilience/toughness. Additionally, three main themes related to unpleasant experiences were identified, including job stress, cognitive anxiety, and depression.
Conclusion: The results have shown that the work of refereeing has had both pleasant and unpleasant psychological and social effects on Iranian referees.Therefore, awareness and mutual understanding of these experiences can be the basis for necessary decisions by managers and sports officials of the country.
Khadije Irandoust; Morteza Taheri; Abbas Sadeghi
Abstract
In recent years, the effects of exercise on nervous system, spatial memory andmotor function in the senescence period have received the attention of researchers.As the age increases, some functions of nervous system such as spatial memory areweakened. Thus, the effect of aerobic exercises including swimming ...
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In recent years, the effects of exercise on nervous system, spatial memory andmotor function in the senescence period have received the attention of researchers.As the age increases, some functions of nervous system such as spatial memory areweakened. Thus, the effect of aerobic exercises including swimming and runningon learning, spatial memory and motor function was investigated in old rats. Thestudy was experimental. 30 rats (18 months old) were randomly divided intothree groups: experimental 1 (running on a treadmill), experimental 2 (swimmingin the water maze) and control. Rat treadmill was used for subjects' exercise,Morris water maze device was used to apply exercise protocol and to examine theirmemory and learning and open field device was used to examine subjects' motorfunction. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The resultswere reported as mean + SD and suggested that in spatial memory test (time toreach the target and the covered distance to reach the target), Experimental 1group (swimming) significantly outperformed control and experimental 2 (running)groups (P=0.001). Treadmill group had a better performance in spatial memorytest (time to reach the target) than control group (P=0.04). In motor function test(open field test), experimental 1 and 2 groups were significantly superior to thecontrol group in the total distance covered (P=0.001, P=0.002 respectively). In themean speed covered in the open field test, Experimental 1 and 2 groups weresignificantly superior to the control group (P=0.001, P=0.003 respectively). Theresults showed that aerobic exercise especially swimming had a positive effect onmemory consolidation, retention and motor function, that is, exercise probablyimproves reward paths in the nervous system of the rats and this factor can be areason for memory consolidation and learning in the nervous system.
Iraj Armand Pour; Javad Azimi Rad; Hamid Reza Negarestani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine motivational priorities of participationin wrestling among wrestlers (Greco-Roman and freestyle) in Kermanshah city.The statistical population consisted of 4612 wrestlers of Kermanshah city. 242wrestlers in different age groups (99 adolescents, 56 juniors and 87 ...
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The aim of this study was to determine motivational priorities of participationin wrestling among wrestlers (Greco-Roman and freestyle) in Kermanshah city.The statistical population consisted of 4612 wrestlers of Kermanshah city. 242wrestlers in different age groups (99 adolescents, 56 juniors and 87 seniors) wereselected as a sample with random sampling method. Personal informationquestionnaire and Gale participation motivation questionnaire were used to collectdata and at the end of the training session, the questionnaires were completed.Friedman test, one-way analysis of variance and SPSS software version 13 wereused to analyze data at significance level of 0.05. Gaining success (7.44 ranking),energy depletion (6.15 ranking) and meeting friends (4.57 ranking) were the firstpriorities to participate in wrestling. There was no significant difference inmotivation of participation among different age groups (P>0.05). Results indicatedthat gaining success was the main factor of participation in wrestling inKermanshah and there was no significant difference in the priority of motivationalfactors among different age groups and those groups with various wrestlingparticipation records.
