Ameneh Honarmand; Shila Safavi
Abstract
The use of attention instructions type is one of the most important variables in the process of motor skill learning. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of attention instruction type feedback, and autonomy on children's motor learning. For this purpose thirty-six children (M±SD ...
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The use of attention instructions type is one of the most important variables in the process of motor skill learning. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of attention instruction type feedback, and autonomy on children's motor learning. For this purpose thirty-six children (M±SD 7.05 ± 0.45 years) were asked to perform a bowling task with their dominant hand. They divided into 3 groups (external focus, the internal focus of attention, and control). Participants in the acquisition phase practiced tasks in a counterbalanced order based on feedback and choice (Autonomy) conditions and after 24 hours they take part in retention test without feedback and instructional attention and autonomy .The acquisition phase in each condition(1-without feedback and autonomy,2-with feedback,3- with autonomy,4-with feedback, and autonomy). The data were analyzed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. The results of the retention phase showed that the type of attention focus without feedback and autonomy had a greater bowling accuracy and the external focus of attention with autonomy was better than other conditions. The present study did not show the beneficial effects of attention instruction type feedback, and autonomy on children's motor learning.The results showed that motor learning in children was different from adults.Based on our results in children external attention focus and feedback with autonomy have not similar effects with adult motor learning.
Najmeh Rezasoltani; Hassan Gharayagh zandi; Mohammad Khabiri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES). The method was descriptive-survey. The Statistical population consisted of male and female athletes aged over 16 years who attended structured exercise programs. The ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES). The method was descriptive-survey. The Statistical population consisted of male and female athletes aged over 16 years who attended structured exercise programs. The sample consisted of 256 male and female athletes (M=23.03, SD=4.04) who were selected through cluster random sampling method. The 12-item Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale was initially translated (by translation - back translation method) and then its face and content validity were confirmed. After a pilot study and necessary modifications, confirmatoryfactoranalysis (CFA) was used to examine construct validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of the scale and temporal reliability of the items. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was examined by test-retest method with 2-4 weeks of interval for the scale and subscales. The results showed that the second model of BPNES had acceptable fit indexes (CFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.07), internal consistency (alpha coefficient: 0.87 for relatedness, 0.80 for competence, 0.82 for autonomy, and 0.88 for the whole questionnaire) and temporal reliability (0.88 for relatedness, 0.83 for competence, 0.83 for autonomy, and 0.90 for the whole questionnaire). So, this scale can be used for research population in Iran.
