Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Authors
1 Assistant Professor in the department of motor behavior, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 MA in motor behavior, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Boxing is one of the organized high-contact sports that requires purposeful
punches to the head and body of the opponent in both amateur and professional
levels, so traumatic head injury in boxers isn’t impossible. In this type of injury,
though intact cognitive functions, it is possible that total cognitive beneficiary
become impaired as a result of distractibility, imperfect concentration, and
aftermath fatigue. Thus, purpose of this study was to investigate attentional
disorders in amateur boxing. Subjects of the study were 30 male experienced
amateur boxers (more than 4 years background, age= 24±3.1) as experimental
group, and 30 male novice amateur boxers (less than 1 year background,
age=25±4.2) and 30 male 400 and 800 meter runners (age= 24±2.7) as control
groups. We used DAUF continuous attention test to assess attentional component.
In order to data analyzing was used MANOVA in the significance level of 0.05.
Findings showed that in none of variables there were significant difference
between groups (P>0.05), meaning that amateur boxing periods even longer than
4 years doesn't lead to attentional disorders. Based on our findings, it is concluded
that intensity of punches in amateur boxing doesn't reach to threshold that lead to
brain damage at least in regions which control visual attention.
Keywords
- رحمتی، مسعود. ناظم، فرزاد. شعبانی مقدم، کیوان. کرد نوقابی، رسول. (1387). " بررسی جنبه‌های نوروسایکولوژیک بوکسورهای آماتور شهرستان قم". فصلنامۀ المپیک. سال شانزدهم-شمارۀ 3(پیاپی 43)، صص: 94-83.
- شعبانی مقدم، کیوان. (1390). " تأثیر حاد ضربه‌های وارد بر سر ناشی از یک مسابقۀ بوکس آماتور بر نوار مغزی (EEG)". نشریۀ یافته، 12(19)، صص 111-105.
- فردوسی، طیبه. (1380). " روانشناسی توجه و حواسپرتی و شیوه‌های رفع آن". تهران. نشر شکوفه‌های دانش، صص: 50-27.
- فلاحتی، محسن. عشایری، حسن. بیان‌زاده، اکبر. (1377). "بررسی اثرات نوروسایکولوژیک بوکس آماتور ایران". نشریۀ المپیک، سال ششم، شماره‌های 3 و 4، صص: 47-39.
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. (1997). "Participation in boxing by children, adolescents, and young adults". Pediatrics; 99(1), PP: 134-135.
- Azouvi P, Couillet J, Leclercq M, Martin Y, Asloun S, Rousseaux M. (2004). "Divided attention and mental effort after severe traumatic brain injury". Neuropsychologia; 42(9), PP: 1260-1268.
- Berberich, S. (1996). “Erprobung eines computergestützten Testverfahrens zur Erfassung von Daueraufmerksamkeit und Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Patienten mit Hirnschädigung”. Psycholog. Institut der Universität Freiburg: Unpublished thesis. In Leclercq M & Zimmermann P. (2002). "Applied neuropsychology of attention: theory, diagnosis, andrehabilitation". Psychology Press, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE; PP: 255-339.
- Breton F, Pincemaille Y, Tarriere C, Renault B. (1991). "Event-related potential assessment of attention and the orienting reaction in boxers before and after a fight". Biol Psychol; 31(1), PP: 57-71.
- Brouwer WH. (1989). "Divided attention 5 to 10 years after severe closed head injury". Cortex; 25(2), PP: 219-230.
10. Butler R J. (1994). "Neuropsychological investigation of amateur boxers". Br J Sp Med; 28(3), PP: 187-190.
11. Clausen H, McCrory P, Anderson V. (2005). "The risk of chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxing: change in exposure variables over the past century". Br J Sp Med; 39(9), PP: 661-664.
12. Constantoyannis C, Partheni M. (2004). "Fatal head injury from boxing: a case report from Greece". Br J Sports Med. 38; PP: 78-79.
13. Cossa F M, Fabiani M. (1999). "Attention in closed head injury: a critical review". Ital J Neurol Sci; 20(3), PP: 145-153.
14. Elson L M, Ward C C. (1994). "Mechanisms and pathophysiology of mild head injury". Semin Neurol; 14(1), PP: 8–18.
15. Halterman C. I., Langan J., Drew A., Rodriguez E., Osternig L, R., Chou L.S., and van Donkelaar P. (2006). "Tracking the recovery of visuospatial attention deficits in mild traumatic brain injury". Brain; 129, PP: 747–753.
16. International Boxing Association. (2014). "AIBA Technical Rules". Effective from August 31, 2014. Available via DIALOG. http://www.aiba.org/. Cited 29 August 2014, PP 9.
17. Jako P. (2002). "Safety measures in amateur boxing". Br J Sports Med; 36(6), PP: 394-395.
18. Jordan B D, Master E J T, Zimmerman R D, and Zazula T. (1996). "Sparring and Cognitive Function in Professional Boxers". Phys Sportsmed; 24(5), PP: 87-99.
19. Kelly JP, Rosenberg JH. (1997). "Diagnosis and management of concussion in sports". Neurology; 48(3), PP: 575-580.
20. Leclercq M & Zimmermann P. (2002). "Applied neuropsychology of attention: theory, diagnosis, and rehabilitation". Psychology Press, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, PP: 255-339.
21. Loosemore M, Knowles C H, and Whyte G P. (2007). "Amateur boxing and risk of chronic traumatic brain injury: systematic review of observational studies". Br J Sports Med, 335(7624), P: 809.
22. McCrory P. (2002). "Boxing and the brain". Br J Sports Med; 36(1),P: 2.
23. McCrory P. (2002). "Cavumseptipellucidi—a reason to ban boxers?" Br J Sports Med;36(3), PP: 157-161.
24. Murelius O, Haglund Y. (1991). "Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? A retrospective neuropsychological study". Acta Neurol Scand.; 83(1), PP: 9-13.
25. De Bruijn, S. F., & Keunen, R. W. (2004). Brain injury in boxers and soccer players; an advisory report from the National Health Council of the Netherlands. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 148(45), 2209-2212.Pearce J M S. (2008). "Observations on Concussion". Eur Neurol;59: PP: 113–119
26. Ramirez J R. (1997). "Attentional deficits in youth boxing: effect of repeated mild closed head injuries".[disertation]. University of Massachusetts. PP: 89-101.
27. Riese H, Hoedemaeker M, Brouwer WH, Mulder L J M., Cremer R, and Veldman J B P. (1999). "Mental fatigue after very severe closed head injury: sustained performance, mental effort, and distress at two levels of workload in a driving simulator". Neuropsychol Rehabil; 9, PP: 189–205.
28. Robinson R. (2007). "Amateur Boxers Suffer Short-term Brain Damage". Neurology Today; 7(13), PP: 5-8.
29. Rodriguez G, Vitali P, Nobili F. (1998). "Long-term effects of boxing and judo-choking techniques on brain function". Ital J Neurol Sci; 19(6), PP: 367-372.
30. Segalowitz S J, Dywan J, and Unsal A. (1997). "Attentional factors in response time variability after traumatic brain injury: an ERP study'. J Int Neuropsych Soc; 3(02), PP: 95-107.
31. Stojsih S, Boitano M, Wilhelm M, and Bir C. (2008). "A prospective study of punch biomechanics and cognitive function for amateur boxers". Br J Sports Med, b j sports ,P:52845
32. Stuss D T, Stethem L L, Hugenholtz H, Picton T, Pivik J, and Richard M T. (1989). "Reaction time after head injury: fatigue, divided and focused attention, and consistency of performance". J Neurol Neurosur Ps; 52, PP: 742-748.
33. Theodore P. Zahn and Allan F. Mirsky. (1999). "Reaction Time Indicators of Attention Deficits in Closed Head Injury". J Clin Exp Neuropsyc; 21(3), PP: 352-367.
34. Schuhfried, G. (2010). “Vienna Test System: Psychological diagnostic” [Catalog]. Mödling, Austria: Schuhfried. PP: 10-30.
35. Walilko T J, Viano D C, and Bir C A. (2005). "Biomechanics of the head for Olympic boxer punches to the face". Br J Sports Med; 39, PP: 710-719.
36. Whyte J, Fleming M, Polansky M, Cavallucci C, and Coslett H B. (1998). "The Effects of Visual Distraction Following Traumatic Brain Injury". J Int Neuropsych Soc, 4, PP: 127–136.
37. William M, Perlstein M A, Cole J A, Demery P J S, Neha K D, and Larson M J. (2004). "Parametric manipulation of working memory load in traumatic brain injury: Behavioral and neural correlates". J Int Neuropsych Soc; 10(05), PP: 724-741.
38. Zazryn T, Cameron P, and McCrory P. A. (2006). "Prospective cohort study of injury in amateur and professional boxing". Br J Sports Med; 40(8), PP: 670-674.
)