Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Scientific Journal

The Effect of Attention Focus in Errorless and Errorful Practice Conditions on Performance and Learning of Dart Throwing Skill

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Hesam Ramezanzade 1
Marziyeh Doraneh Kord 2

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran

2 MSc of Motor Behavior, Islamic Azad University, Shooshtar Branch, Shooshtar, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2018.229760.1228
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of instruction type of attention focus and two methods of learning (errorless and errorful) on performance and learning of dart throwing skill. It is likely that instruction type of attention focus has a different effect on performance when functional difficulty of task changes. 60 female students were randomly assigned to six groups: internal-errorless, external-errorless, control-errorless, internal-errorful, external-errorful and control-errorful. Errorless groups began their practice with low distance from the target and gradually increased the distance. This was opposite in errorful groups. Internal attention groups focused their attention on elbow and wrist of their throwing hand. External attention groups focused their attention on dart board. After pretest, subjects performed 5 blocks (60 trials each block) and participated in retention test after 48 hours. Factor analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed no significant differences between internal and external focus in the errorless groups (P>0.05), there was a significant difference among the groups in errorful learning condition (P=0.043). There was a significant difference between errorless and errorful conditions in internal focus groups (in favor of errorless group) (P=0.012). It seems that the challenging role of practice condition is very important in the effectiveness of instruction type of attention focus. It is recommend that errorless learning should be used when using internal attention focus instruction at the beginning of practice.

Keywords

Dart throwing skill
errorful learning
errorless learning
external attention focus
internal attention focus
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Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Volume 10, Issue 1
Spring 2018
Pages 121-138

  • Receive Date 13 March 2017
  • Revise Date 24 July 2018
  • Accept Date 02 December 2017

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