Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Scientific Journal

The Effect of a Progressive Relaxation Training Period on Muscle Efficiency and Performance of Archery Athletes

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Karim Baharlouei 1
V.S. Wangwad 2

1 Department of Physical Education, University of Pune‎, Pune , India.

2 Department of Physical Education, University of Pune&lrm.;, Pune, India.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.358017.1712
Abstract
Introduction: The Purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a progressive relaxation training period on muscle efficiency and performance of archery athletes. ‎
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 40 male archery athletes were randomly selected and placed in two groups of relaxation and control exercises. In the pre-test stage, the participants made 9 archery throws, during which the electrical activity was recorded using an electromyography device. According to the method proposed in the methodology of the research, the training phase of progressive relaxation was done in six weeks and three sessions each week and each session lasted 30 minutes. After the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted, where the participants performed 9 archery throws, as in the pre-test phase, during which the electrical activity was recorded using an electromyography device. The data was analyzed by univariate covariance analysis.‎
Results: The results indicated that progressive relaxation intervention on performance (P<0.05), the electrical activity of biceps muscle (P<0.05) and triceps muscle electrical activity (P<0.05) has a significant effect.‎
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of a progressive relaxation program on muscle efficiency and archery performance.

Keywords

Progressive Relaxtion
Electrical Activity
Motor Performance

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Battaglini, M. P., Pessôa Filho, D. M., Calais, S. L., Miyazaki, M. C. O. S., Neiva, C. M., Espada, M. C., ... & Verardi, C. E. L. (2022). Analysis of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Psychophysiological Variables in Basketball Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 17065. http://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph192417065

Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. Handbook of sport psychology, 3(184-202). http://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.CH8

Fathi, Z. (2012). The effect of two different relaxation training methods on the athletic performance of female badminton champions. Master's thesis, University of Tehran. (In Persian)

Gallego-Gómez, J. I., Balanza, S., Leal-Llopis, J., García-Méndez, J. A., Oliva-Pérez, J., Doménech-Tortosa, J., ... & Rivera-Caravaca, J. M. (2020). Effectiveness of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation in reducing stress before exams and improving academic performance in Nursing students: A randomized trial. Nurse education today, 84, 104217. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104217

Golmohammadi, B., Kashani, V., & Khosravi, A. (2018). The Effect of a Relaxation Program on Performance of Sub-Elite Football Players. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 10(3), 385-411. http://doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2018.208261.1095 (In Persian)

Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Borkovec, T. D. (2001). Effects of worry and progressive relaxation on the reduction of fear in speech phobia: An investigation of situational exposure. Behavior therapy, 32(3), 503-517. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80033-2

Kara, E., Türküm, A. S., & Turner, M. J. (2023). The Effects of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) Group Counselling Program on Competitive Anxiety of Student-Athletes. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1-18. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-023-00497-z

Kim, Y. (2008). The effect of improvisation-assisted desensitization, and music-assisted progressive muscle relaxation and imagery on reducing pianists' music performance anxiety. Journal of Music Therapy, 45(2), 165-191. http://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/45.2.165

Liang, D., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Xu, K., Li, Y., Li, D., ... & Liu, C. (2021). Investigation of a progressive relaxation training intervention on precompetition anxiety and sports performance among collegiate student athletes. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 617541. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617541

O’Donnell, P. S., & Dunlap, L. L. (2019). Teacher acceptability of progressive muscle relaxation in the classroom for the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 29(2), 151-165. http://doi.org/ 10.1017/jgc.2019.1

Ortiz, J., & Grange, L. L. (2006). Efficacy of relaxation techniques in increasing sport performance in women golfers. The sport journal, 9(1).

Pagani, E., Gavazzoni, N., Bernardelli, G., Malacarne, M., Solaro, N., Giusti, E., ... & Lucini, D. (2023). Psychological Intervention Based on Mental Relaxation to Manage Stress in Female Junior Elite Soccer Team: Improvement in Cardiac Autonomic Control, Perception of Stress and Overall Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 942. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020942

Quinones, C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Reducing compulsive Internet use and anxiety symptoms via two brief interventions: A comparison between mindfulness and gradual muscle relaxation. Journal of behavioral addictions, 8(3), 530-536. http://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.45

Tod, D., Pullinger, S., & Lafferty, M. (2022). A systematic review of the qualitative research examining stakeholders’ perceptions of the characteristics of helpful sport and exercise psychology practitioners. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-25. http://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2145575

Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. DOI: 10.1002/9781118270011.ch13

Wachelka, D., & Katz, R. C. (1999). Reducing test anxiety and improving academic self-esteem in high school and college students with learning disabilities. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 30(3), 191-198. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(99)00024-5.

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human kinetics.

Wolpe, J. (1968). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Conditional reflex: a Pavlovian journal of research & therapy, 3, 234-240. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF03000093

Zhao F. Y., Duan Y. R., Yan H. X., Li A., Hu Y., Zhang Z., et al. (2016). Evaluation of therapy effects of moxibustion combined with Tai Chi and Jacobson’s progressive relaxation training on exercise-induced insomnia. J. Shenyang Sport Univ. 35 75–80.

Allison, S., Irwin Hamilton, K., Yuan, Y., & Wallis Hague, G. (2020). Assessment of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) as a stress-reducing technique for first-year veterinary students. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 47(6), 737-744. https://doi.org/ 10.3138/jvme.2018-0013
Battaglini, M. P., Pessôa Filho, D. M., Calais, S. L., Miyazaki, M. C. O. S., Neiva, C. M., Espada, M. C., ... & Verardi, C. E. L. (2022). Analysis of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Psychophysiological Variables in Basketball Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 17065. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph192417065
Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. Handbook of sport psychology, 3(184-202). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.CH8
Fathi, Z. (2012). The effect of two different relaxation training methods on the athletic performance of female badminton champions. Master's thesis, University of Tehran.Tehran. (In Persian)
Gallego-Gómez, J. I., Balanza, S., Leal-Llopis, J., García-Méndez, J. A., Oliva-Pérez, J., Doménech-Tortosa, J., ... & Rivera-Caravaca, J. M. (2020). Effectiveness of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation in reducing stress before exams and improving academic performance in Nursing students: A randomized trial. Nurse education today, 84, 104217. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104217
Golmohammadi, B., Kashani, V., & Khosravi, A. (2018). The Effect of a Relaxation Program on Performance of Sub-Elite Football Players. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 10(3), 385-411. https://doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2018.208261.1095 (In Persian)
Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Borkovec, T. D. (2001). Effects of worry and progressive relaxation on the reduction of fear in speech phobia: An investigation of situational exposure. Behavior therapy, 32(3), 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80033-2
Kara, E., Türküm, A. S., & Turner, M. J. (2023). The Effects of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) Group Counselling Program on Competitive Anxiety of Student-Athletes. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-023-00497-z
Kim, Y. (2008). The effect of improvisation-assisted desensitization, and music-assisted progressive muscle relaxation and imagery on reducing pianists' music performance anxiety. Journal of Music Therapy, 45(2), 165-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/45.2.165
Liang, D., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Xu, K., Li, Y., Li, D., ... & Liu, C. (2021). Investigation of a progressive relaxation training intervention on precompetition anxiety and sports performance among collegiate student athletes. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 617541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617541
O’Donnell, P. S., & Dunlap, L. L. (2019). Teacher acceptability of progressive muscle relaxation in the classroom for the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 29(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/jgc.2019.1
Ortiz, J., & Grange, L. L. (2006). Efficacy of relaxation techniques in increasing sport performance in women golfers. The sport journal, 9(1).
Pagani, E., Gavazzoni, N., Bernardelli, G., Malacarne, M., Solaro, N., Giusti, E., ... & Lucini, D. (2023). Psychological Intervention Based on Mental Relaxation to Manage Stress in Female Junior Elite Soccer Team: Improvement in Cardiac Autonomic Control, Perception of Stress and Overall Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020942
Quinones, C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Reducing compulsive Internet use and anxiety symptoms via two brief interventions: A comparison between mindfulness and gradual muscle relaxation. Journal of behavioral addictions, 8(3), 530-536. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.45
Tod, D., Pullinger, S., & Lafferty, M. (2022). A systematic review of the qualitative research examining stakeholders’ perceptions of the characteristics of helpful sport and exercise psychology practitioners. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2145575
Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9781118270011.ch13
Wachelka, D., & Katz, R. C. (1999). Reducing test anxiety and improving academic self-esteem in high school and college students with learning disabilities. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 30(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(99)00024-5
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human kinetics.
Wolpe, J. (1968). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Conditional reflex: a Pavlovian journal of research & therapy, 3, 234-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03000093
Zhao F. Y., Duan Y. R., Yan H. X., Li A., Hu Y., Zhang Z., et al. (2016). Evaluation of therapy effects of moxibustion combined with Tai Chi and Jacobson’s progressive relaxation training on exercise-induced insomnia. J. Shenyang Sport Univ. 35 75–80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043074
Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Volume 15, Issue 3
Autumn 2023
Pages 49-59

  • Receive Date 18 April 2023
  • Revise Date 15 June 2023
  • Accept Date 29 June 2023

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