Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Scientific Journal

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Test of Visual-Motor Skills-3rd Edition in Preterm Children

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

Fardin Qeysari 1
Mahmoud Sheikh 2

1 Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health , University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2024.368700.1755
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the prevalence of visual-motor disorders among preterm children and the importance of visual-motor skills in performing daily tasks, A reliable and valid tool is needed to measure these skills in preterm children. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the test of visual-motor skills- 3rd edition (TVMS-3) in preterm children.
Methods: For this purpose, 2100 students were selected from 7 to 12-year-old students across the country by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Among these students, 376 preterm children who were born before 32 weeks of pregnancy or with a very low weight (1500 grams) were included in the research. The measurement tool of this study was the Persian version of TVMS-3, which was implemented in two stages, three weeks apart, on the research samples Also, the Bender Gestalt test was performed on the subjects in the first stage. Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine internal consistency or internal reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient method was used to determine temporal reliability, and a one-way analysis of variance was used to determine construct validity and differences between groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was also used to check the convergent validity.
Results: The results of this study indicate the appropriate validity of the TVMS-3 for all 7 to 12-year-old age groups of preterm children. Also, the results of this study indicate the desirable and acceptable internal consistency and temporal reliability or reproducibility of this test.
Conclusion: The TVMS-3 has appropriate validity and reliability for screening and identifying preterm children with visual-motor skills disorders.

Keywords

Standardization
Reliability
Validity
Visual-Motor Skills
Preterm Children
Arpi, E., D'Amico, R., Lucaccioni, L., Bedetti, L., Berardi, A., & Ferrari, F. (2019). Worse global intellectual and worse neuropsychological functioning in preterm‐born children at preschool age: a meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica, 108(9), 1567-1579.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14836
Bahramian, A., hadianfard, H., mohamadi, N., & rahimi, C. (2013). Standardization of Bender-Gestalt II in Children Aged between 4 and 11 Years in Shiraz. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 3(11), 170-195.(In Persian)
Blöte, A. W., & Hamstra-Bletz, L. (1991). A longitudinal study on the structure of handwriting. Perceptual and motor skills, 72(3), 983-994. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.72.3.983
Bolk, J., Padilla, N., Forsman, L., Broström, L., Hellgren, K., & Åden, U. (2018). Visual–motor integration and fine motor skills at 6½ years of age and associations with neonatal brain volumes in children born extremely preterm in Sweden: a population-based cohort study. BMJ open, 8(2), e020478.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020478
Bos, A. F., Van Braeckel, K. N., Hitzert, M. M., Tanis, J. C., & Roze, E. (2013). Development of fine motor skills in preterm infants. Developmental medicine & child neurology, 55, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12297
 Brown, T., & Unsworth, C. (2009). Construct validity of the Test of Visual-Motor Skills-Revised (TVMS–R): An evaluation using the rasch measurement model. Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy, 16(3), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038120802443662
Dathe, A. K., Jaekel, J., Franzel, J., Hoehn, T., Felderhoff-Mueser, U., & Huening, B. M. (2020). Visual Perception, Fine Motor, and Visual-Motor Skills in Very Preterm and Term-Born Children before School Entry–Observational Cohort Study. Children, 7(12), 276.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120276
De Kieviet, J. F., Piek, J. P., Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S., & Oosterlaan, J. (2009). Motor development in very preterm and very low-birth-weight children from birth to adolescence: a meta-analysis. Jama, 302(20), 2235-2242.https:doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1708
 Farahbod, M., & Minaie, A. (2004). Adaption and standardization of the test of visual-motor skills revised. Archives of Rehabilitation, 5(1), 39-48. [n Persian]
Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(4), 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x
Geldof, C. J. A., Van Wassenaer, A. G., De Kieviet, J. F., Kok, J. H., & Oosterlaan, J. (2012). Visual perception and visual-motor integration in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children: a meta-analysis. Research in developmental disabilities, 33(2), 726-736.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.025.
Hsu, S. F., Lin, H. Y., Wu, Y. T., Liao, N. C., Yu, W. H., & Chiu, E. C. (2024). Test–Retest Reliability, Criterion-Related Validity, and Ecological Validity of the Test of Visual–Motor Skills, in Kindergarten Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(1), 7801205030. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2024.050206
Jaekel, J.; Baumann, N.; Wolke, D. E_ects of gestational age at birth on cognitive performance: A function of cognitive workload demands. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e65219.
Kadar, M., Wan Yunus, F., Tan, E., Chai, S. C., Razaob@ Razab, N. A., & Mohamat Kasim, D. H. (2020). A systematic review of occupational therapy intervention for handwriting skills in 4–6 year old children. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 67(1), 3-12.
   https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12626
Karolis, V. R., Froudist-Walsh, S., Kroll, J., Brittain, P. J., Tseng, C. E. J., Nam, K. W., ... & Nosarti, C. (2017). Volumetric grey matter alterations in adolescents and adults born very preterm suggest accelerated brain maturation. Neuroimage, 163, 379-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.039
Kelly, C. E., Thompson, D. K., Chen, J., Leemans, A., Adamson, C. L., Inder, T. E., ... & Anderson, P. J. (2016). Axon density and axon orientation dispersion in children born preterm. Human brain mapping, 37(9), 3080-3102. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23227
Leung, M. P., Thompson, B., Black, J., Dai, S., & Alsweiler, J. M. (2018). The effects of preterm birth on visual development. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 101(1), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12578
Løhaugen, G. C., Gramstad, A., Evensen, K. A. I., Martinussen, M., Lindqvist, S., Indredavik, M., ... & Skranes, J. (2010). Cognitive profile in young adults born preterm at very low birthweight. Developmental medicine & child neurology, 52(12), 1133-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03743.x
Martin, N. (2010). Test of Visual-Motor Skills, 3rd Edition (TVMS-3). Western Psychological Services, 67(1), 3-12.  
Marlow, N., Hennessy, E. M., Bracewell, M. A., Wolke, D., & EPICure Study Group. (2007). Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics, 120(4), 793-804.
McHale, K.; Cermak, S.A. Fine motor activities in elementary school: Preliminary findings and provisional implications for children with fine motor problems. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 1992, 46, 898–903.   https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0440
 Mehrinejad, S., Sobhi Gharamaleki2, N., & Rajabi Moghadam, S. (2012). An investigation of the power of the Bender Gestalt test in the prediction of preschool children’s predisposition for dyslexia and dysgraphia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1(3), 118-130. doi: jld-1-3-91-4-7 (In Persian)
Mirzavand, J.; Tarafi, S.; Zareen Far, E.; Zareen Far, S. (2014, February ). comparison of the diagnostic ability of Bender Gestalt visual-motor perception test and EEG in brain lesions. Paper presented at the National Four Sided Humanities Conference, Shira, Iran. (In Persian)
Perez-Roche, T., Altemir, I., Giménez, G., Prieto, E., González, I., Peña-Segura, J. L., ... & Pueyo, V. (2016). Effect of prematurity and low birth weight in visual abilities and school performance. Research in developmental disabilities, 59, 451-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.002
Pétursdóttir, D., Holmström, G., Larsson, E., & Böhm, B. (2021). Visual‐motor functions are affected in young adults who were born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Paediatrica, 110(1), 127-133.‏
Pierrat, V., Marchand-Martin, L., Arnaud, C., Kaminski, M., Resche-Rigon, M., Lebeaux, C., ... & EPIPAGE-2 Writing Group. (2017). Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years for preterm children born at 22 to 34 weeks’ gestation in France in 2011: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. bmj, 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3448
Potharst, E. S., van Wassenaer, A. G., Houtzager, B. A., van Hus, J. W., Last, B. F., & Kok, J. H. (2011). High incidence of multi-domain disabilities in very preterm children at five years of age. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.055
Pritchard, V. E., Bora, S., Austin, N. C., Levin, K. J., & Woodward, L. J. (2014). Identifying very preterm children at educational risk using a school readiness framework. Pediatrics, 134(3), e825-e832. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3865
Santhakumaran, S., Statnikov, Y., Gray, D., Battersby, C., Ashby, D., & Modi, N. (2018). Survival of very preterm infants admitted to neonatal care in England 2008–2014: time trends and regional variation. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 103(3), F208-F215. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-312748
Seif A.)2011(.Measurement, Evaluation, and Educational Evaluation (Sixth Edition).Tehran: Doran . (InPersian)
Sheikh, M., & Asadi, A. (2019). Validity, reliability and standardization of Persian version of Test of Visual-Motor Skills, Third Edition. Journal of Sports Psychology, 11(1), 28-38. https:doi.org/ 10.29252/mbsp.4.1.28 (In Persian)
Sheikhi S. (2007).Clinical use of Bender-Gestalt test in brain lesions diagnosis and its comparison with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Nurs Midwifery J., 5 (1),15-21(In Persian)
Twilhaar, E. S., Wade, R. M., De Kieviet, J. F., Van Goudoever, J. B., Van Elburg, R. M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2018). Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. JAMA pediatrics, 172(4), 361-367.https:doi.org/ 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5323
Van Haastert, I. C., Groenendaal, F., Uiterwaal, C. S., Termote, J. U., van der Heide-Jalving, M., Eijsermans, M. J., ... & de Vries, L. S. (2011). Decreasing incidence and severity of cerebral palsy in prematurely born children. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(1), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.053
Wolke, D., Baumann, N., Busch, B., & Bartmann, P. (2017). Very preterm birth and parents’ quality of life 27 years later. Pediatrics, 140(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1263
Woodward, L. J., Clark, C. A., Bora, S., & Inder, T. E. (2012). Neonatal white matter abnormalities an important predictor of neurocognitive outcome for very preterm children. PloS one, 7(12), e51879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051879
Young, J. M., Vandewouw, M. M., Mossad, S. I., Morgan, B. R., Lee, W., Smith, M. L., ... & Taylor, M. J. (2019). White matter microstructural differences identified using multi-shell diffusion imaging in six-year-old children born very preterm. NeuroImage: Clinical, 23, 101855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101855
Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning
Volume 16, Issue 3
Summer 2024
Pages 77-91

  • Receive Date 25 November 2023
  • Revise Date 28 February 2024
  • Accept Date 02 March 2024

Home

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us