Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Zahra Estiri; Elaheh Arab Ameri; Rasoul Hamayat Talab; Mahmoud Shiekh; Elaheh Hejazi; Roza Rahavi; Ali Chashmi
Abstract
There is no doubt that augmented feedback has an important role in improvinglearning. However, it is the content of the feedback which is challenging. The aimof the present study was to examine the effect of feedback on successful versusunsuccessful trials on simple and complex tracking tasks. For this ...
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There is no doubt that augmented feedback has an important role in improvinglearning. However, it is the content of the feedback which is challenging. The aimof the present study was to examine the effect of feedback on successful versusunsuccessful trials on simple and complex tracking tasks. For this purpose, 48undergraduate right-handed male and female students of Hakim Sabzevari TeacherTraining University (mean age = 23+1.8 yr) were selected from those students whohad taken general physical education course and were randomly divided into fourgroups (N=12) of feedback on successful and unsuccessful trials in simple andcomplex tasks. The tracking task was designed in two levels (simple and complex)in a computer software format to be performed by the participants with maximumspeed and the lowest number of errors. During the acquisition phase, participantsperformed 7 blocks of 6 trials in 8 days and they received feedback on two trials.The method of research was quasi–experimental and ANOVA for multiple factors,analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test (P˂0.05)were used for data analysis. The results showed that in the acquisition test, themain effects of trial days and task complexity (in movement time) were significant.These factors did not significantly influence movement error and their interaction.In immediate retention test, the effects of the type of task and feedback (inmovement time) were significant while these factors did not significantly influencemovement error and their interaction. In delayed retention test, the effect of thetype of task was significant in movement time and movement error. The types offeedback and task were significant in transfer test (in movement time) and thesefactors and their interactions were not significant in movement error. The resultssuggested that the types of feedback and task can be regarded as effectiveindependent factors in learning. The types of feedback and task were more effectivefor movement time.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Ehsan Khajoei Ravari; Ahmad Farokhi; Amir Abas Gholi; Nafiseh Karshenas Najaf Abadi; Saeed Soheilipour
Abstract
Colors influence mood and mental state of human beings and since manis constantly in touch with colors, great important will be attached to thecolors. Exercise is also associated with different colors and is performed inan environment full of different colors. Also, one of the important factorsaffecting ...
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Colors influence mood and mental state of human beings and since manis constantly in touch with colors, great important will be attached to thecolors. Exercise is also associated with different colors and is performed inan environment full of different colors. Also, one of the important factorsaffecting athletes' success is response to the stimulus. Considering theimportance of color and reaction time, this study examined the effect ofenvironmental color on simple reaction time to call in athletes. Thestatistical population consisted of male students (mean age 22.2 yr) ofUniversity of Tehran and 50 subjects were selected by the simple randomsampling method. Simple reaction time to auditory stimulus was recordedusing YB-1000 set. Analysis of variance with repeated measures andBonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze data. Findings showed thatthe smallest standard deviation and mean of simple reaction time to soundwas related to blue environment and there was a significant difference inthe reaction time between the blue environment and all environments exceptfor the white (p<0.05 ). The present results showed that exposure to blueenvironment can increase the speed of auditory information processing ininformation processing system of human beings.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Samaneh Imanipour; Parvaneh Shafienia; Seyed Esmayil Hashemi Sheikh Shabani; Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh
Abstract
The postural control system is a complex motor system which is formed basedon an interaction of different dynamic processes and many laboratory techniquesrecognize performance disorders using a wide range of neurological signs andsymptoms. The present research aimed to assess the reliability of commonly ...
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The postural control system is a complex motor system which is formed basedon an interaction of different dynamic processes and many laboratory techniquesrecognize performance disorders using a wide range of neurological signs andsymptoms. The present research aimed to assess the reliability of commonly usedclinical measures of balance and to investigate the effect of age, height, weight andBMI on performing clinical balance tests. For this purpose, 133 participants (agerange 18-59 yr) who had at least 3 sessions of sport activity per week, participatedin this research. Clinical balance tests included finger-to-nose (FTN), single legstance (SLS), tandem stance and time-up-and-go (TUG). The results showed thatthe first performance of each three trials was slower. The relationship betweensome factors and these balance tests were examined. The results revealed that FTNand TUG especially TUG test were the most stable measure to assess sportsrelated concussion
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Seyedeh Vahideh Hosseini; Monireh Anoosheh; Abbas Abbaszadeh; Mohammad Ehsani
Abstract
Family plays an important role in physical activity behaviors in children andadolescents although the procedure of this effect is not clear. This study wasdesigned to explore the family role in forming female adolescents’ physical activitybehavior. This study used a qualitative procedure and content ...
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Family plays an important role in physical activity behaviors in children andadolescents although the procedure of this effect is not clear. This study wasdesigned to explore the family role in forming female adolescents’ physical activitybehavior. This study used a qualitative procedure and content analysis method. Tocollect data, semi–structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants (16female adolescents, 7 mothers, and 2 fathers). All interviews were recorded,transcribed and finally analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. Threemain themes emerged as the family role in forming female adolescents' physicalactivity behavior: starter (talent identification, interest arousal), strengthener(providing, companionship and encouraging), and maintainer (try to eliminatebarriers and try to acquire the agreement of the disagreed member in the family).This study provided a better understanding of how families influenced their girls'physical activity behavior. Identifying the role of family can help health authoritiesand physical education coaches to design more effective family–basedinterventions and also to identify more areas for further research.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Seyed Kavoos Salehi; Davood Homenian; Mahdi Zarghami; Sadegh Satari Fard
Abstract
Learning motor tasks is one of the fundamental attributes of mankind'sexperiences and is a collection of sensitive, cognitive and motor processes. Manyof complex motor behaviors are performed based on a type of order or sequence.In the present study, the developmental differences in motor sequence learningwere ...
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Learning motor tasks is one of the fundamental attributes of mankind'sexperiences and is a collection of sensitive, cognitive and motor processes. Manyof complex motor behaviors are performed based on a type of order or sequence.In the present study, the developmental differences in motor sequence learningwere examined in three groups of children (age range 7,8,10 yr) and one controlgroup of adults. For this purpose, the professional software of sequential stimuli,time record and response error was designed in C++. 48 right-handed participants(3 groups of 12 children and 1 group of 12 adults) who were healthy in theirnervous system and had no prior experience of the mentioned task participated inthis study. The intervention included 10 stages (8 stages for acquisition and 2stages for retention). Performance was assessed by examining changes in accuracyand response coordination. The data were analyzed with factor analysis ofvariance and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results showed a developmentalprogression in motor sequence learning in all groups. Interestingly, differentdevelopmental trajectories were observed in response accuracy and coordination.There was a significant difference in response accuracy between 7,8-year-oldgroups and adults and 10-year-old groups in the acquisition phase but nosignificant difference was observed between adults and 10-year-old-group. Forresponse coordination, adults responded to the stimuli more synchronously than allchildren and 10-year-old group responded more quickly than 6-year-old group. Inthe retention test, for response accuracy, 10-year-old group's performance wassimilar to adults and for response coordination, adults performed more
synchronously than all groups but 7-year-old group had a delay in responsecoordination compared to the other groups. Overall, the differences observed inresponse accuracy and coordination was consistent with the hypothesis thataccuracy may rely on cortical pathways that show their greatest maturationbetween ages of 7 and 10 whereas coordination may rely on subcortical pathwaysthat continue to develop into young adulthood. The findings suggested that in onehand, various aspects of motor development influence motor learning and on theother hand during the learning of different components of a task, parameters thatare more difficult with regard to motor control ( for example responsecoordination) are acquired and maintained in a longer process.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hakimeh Akbari
Abstract
Fundamental motor skills are the bases of special motor skills. In addition tomaturation, environmental promotion can influence these skills. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate and compare the effect of developmental gymnasticinstructional program and Spark motor program as motor experiences onfundamental ...
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Fundamental motor skills are the bases of special motor skills. In addition tomaturation, environmental promotion can influence these skills. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate and compare the effect of developmental gymnasticinstructional program and Spark motor program as motor experiences onfundamental motor skills development in children aged between 6 and 8. For thispurpose, 120 children (6–8 years old) were selected from Tehran primary schoolsby cluster random sampling method. After the pretest (test of gross motordevelopment, second edition, Ulrich), the subjects were divided into three groupsof Spark motor program, developmental gymnastic instructional program andcontrol. The programs were performed for one year (36 weeks, one session perweek, 30 minutes per session). In the 37th week, the posttest was performed. Datawere analyzed by paired sample t test and one-way ANOVA. The results showedthat Spark program and gymnastic program outperformed the control group infundamental motor skills and locomotion (P˂0.05) and the difference between thetwo experimental groups was not significant. Spark program was more effectivethan gymnastic program and control group in the development of manipulationskills. Gymnastic program was more effective than the control group in thedevelopment of manipulation skills (P˂0.05). Thus, it can be concluded thatinstructional programs can be considered as a proper motor experience forchildren. These programs can be used to develop motor skills at schools through providing suitable opportunities for more training and presenting developmental motor tasks.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Amir Shariati; Jamal Fazel Kalkhoran
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of twokinds of motivational and instructional self–talk on the performance of static anddynamic balance tasks in the elderly. For this purpose, 45 old subjects agedbetween 60 and 70 from Qom province participated in this study. ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of twokinds of motivational and instructional self–talk on the performance of static anddynamic balance tasks in the elderly. For this purpose, 45 old subjects agedbetween 60 and 70 from Qom province participated in this study. Static balancetask (stand on one leg) and dynamic balance task (SEBT test) were instructed withno self–talk intervention. Then, they were divided into three groups: motivationalself–talk, instructional self–talk and control. One–way analysis of variance andTukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significantdifference among the groups. The result of Tukey post hoc test showed nosignificant difference in static balance task between instructional and motivationalself–talk (P>0.05). Also, in dynamic balance task, instructional self–talksignificantly improved balance function compared to motivational self–talk(P<0.05). Generally, self–talk as a cognitive strategy was effective in performingbalance tasks and motivational self–talk was preferred in dynamic balance tasks.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hajar Jahadian Sarvestani; Parvaneh Shafienia; Mahdi Zarghami
Abstract
The aim of the current research was to compare motor development in 3–6-year-old children from Ahvaz with Denver developmental screening test II. Themethodology of this research was descriptive – survey. The statistical populationconsisted of children from Ahvaz and 1044 children aged between ...
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The aim of the current research was to compare motor development in 3–6-year-old children from Ahvaz with Denver developmental screening test II. Themethodology of this research was descriptive – survey. The statistical populationconsisted of children from Ahvaz and 1044 children aged between 3 and 6 wereselected from Ahvaz kindergartens by cluster random sampling method. Denverdevelopmental screening test II was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics wereused to compute frequencies and percentile rank to set percentile points. Thefinding showed that children from Ahvaz had a delay in all percentile points (25%,50%, 70% and 90%) in gross movements with regard to Denver test. Also, they hada delay in all percentile points (25%, 50%, 75% and 90%) in fine movements withregard to Denver test.
