Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Mohammad Taghi Khorand
Abstract
Relaxation is one of the important mental skills in physical education and sportsactivities. Relationship between relaxation and rhythmic exercises with anemphasis on flexibility-functional mechanisms of nervous system has receivedattention in recent studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate ...
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Relaxation is one of the important mental skills in physical education and sportsactivities. Relationship between relaxation and rhythmic exercises with anemphasis on flexibility-functional mechanisms of nervous system has receivedattention in recent studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectof rhythmic exercises on deepening the relaxation of national judo athletes. Forthis purpose, 30 male athletes of judo national team participated in this study andwere divided into three groups: one control and two experimental groups. Thesubjects practiced the training protocol for three months and the data wererecorded and then analyzed by SCL (Skin Conduct Level) index. The resultsrevealed no significant difference in relaxation among the groups (α=%5 andP>0.05). In other words, relaxation exercises had a slight effect on improvement ofrelaxation skill level; however, rhythmic exercises deepened relaxation to someextent. Results showed that rhythmic movements reduced stress through influencingrelaxation deepening and subjects with more relaxation were more successful intheir optimal movements.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Iraj Armand Pour; Javad Azimi Rad; Hamid Reza Negarestani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine motivational priorities of participationin wrestling among wrestlers (Greco-Roman and freestyle) in Kermanshah city.The statistical population consisted of 4612 wrestlers of Kermanshah city. 242wrestlers in different age groups (99 adolescents, 56 juniors and 87 ...
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The aim of this study was to determine motivational priorities of participationin wrestling among wrestlers (Greco-Roman and freestyle) in Kermanshah city.The statistical population consisted of 4612 wrestlers of Kermanshah city. 242wrestlers in different age groups (99 adolescents, 56 juniors and 87 seniors) wereselected as a sample with random sampling method. Personal informationquestionnaire and Gale participation motivation questionnaire were used to collectdata and at the end of the training session, the questionnaires were completed.Friedman test, one-way analysis of variance and SPSS software version 13 wereused to analyze data at significance level of 0.05. Gaining success (7.44 ranking),energy depletion (6.15 ranking) and meeting friends (4.57 ranking) were the firstpriorities to participate in wrestling. There was no significant difference inmotivation of participation among different age groups (P>0.05). Results indicatedthat gaining success was the main factor of participation in wrestling inKermanshah and there was no significant difference in the priority of motivationalfactors among different age groups and those groups with various wrestlingparticipation records.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Behrouz Abdoli; Nasour Ahmadi; Elham Azimzadeh; Javad Afshari
Abstract
Success is satisfactory for any athlete. However, some athletes will face anxietyin novel circumstances and fear of future will prevent them from improving. Fearof failure is accompanied with stress and adaptation to stress is the most importantissue for an effective decision. The aim of this study was ...
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Success is satisfactory for any athlete. However, some athletes will face anxietyin novel circumstances and fear of future will prevent them from improving. Fearof failure is accompanied with stress and adaptation to stress is the most importantissue for an effective decision. The aim of this study was to examine validity andreliability of performance failure appraisal inventory (PFAI). For this purpose,203 athlete university students (93 women and 110 men who aged between 19 and23 with the physical activity record 7.70±4.4) completed PFAI. Confirmatoryfactor analysis was used to examine construct validity, Cronbach’s alphacoefficient to examine internal consistency of the items of each factor, and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient to examine inter-factor reliability. Results of confirmatoryfactor analysis confirmed five factors in PFAI: fear of devaluing one’s self-esteem(4 items), fear of an uncertain future (4 items), fear of upsetting importantindividuals (5 items), fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment (7 items) andfear of losing important individuals’ interest (5 items). Correlation analysisshowed an acceptable correlation between all of these factors and fear of failure.The results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed acceptable internal consistencyof items of each subscale.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Daryoush Khajavi; Ahmad Farrokhi; Ali Akbar Jaberi Moghadam; Anushiravan Kazemnejad
Abstract
The aim of this research was to examine the effect of a training interventionprogram on fall-related motor performance in the male elderly with no regularphysical activities. For this purpose, 39 out of 130 participants in screen test wereselected and assigned to training group (n=20) and control group ...
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The aim of this research was to examine the effect of a training interventionprogram on fall-related motor performance in the male elderly with no regularphysical activities. For this purpose, 39 out of 130 participants in screen test wereselected and assigned to training group (n=20) and control group (n=19). Subjectsaged between 60 and 70 in experimental were 73.68% and in the control group43.75% and subjects aged 71 and above were 26.31% in the experimental groupand 56.25% in the control group. Experimental group participated in a 10-weekintervention program (3 sessions per week and 90 minutes per session). Data werecollected with 30-s seat, sit and reach, one-leg standing (eyes open and closed), upand go, 10-meter walk and 10-meter obstacle walk tests. In this semi-experimentalresearch, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t test was used to analyse motorperformance measures. Results indicated a significant improve in mean scores oflower extremity strength (27.37 rep), flexibility (29.28 cm), static balance with eyesopen (60.94 sec) and closed (19.36 sec), agility and dynamic balance (4.10 sec),10-meter walk (3.35 sec) and 10-meter obstacle walk (4.03 sec) in the experimentalgroup after the 10-week training intervention program (P<0.05). The findingsconfirmed the effect of training interventions (especially strength training) onimproving fall-related motor performance and preventing probable falls in theelderly.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Fatemeh Rezaei; Mahdi Shahbazi; Fazollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Skillful performance in soccer requires not only sound techniques but also quickand accurate decision making. These decisions are usually made in variousintensities of practice and performance. The main aim of this study was toinvestigate the effect of different levels of arousal and training intensity ...
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Skillful performance in soccer requires not only sound techniques but also quickand accurate decision making. These decisions are usually made in variousintensities of practice and performance. The main aim of this study was toinvestigate the effect of different levels of arousal and training intensity on decisionmaking (speed and accuracy) of expert female soccer players. For this purpose, 16expert female soccer players (mean age 22.4±3.8 yr) with 8 or more years ofcompetitive experience were voluntarily selected from Tehran women's premierleague. Soccer related photographs on a computer monitor were used to evaluatethe decision making task; participants had to decide which action they wouldundertake (shoot, pass, dribble). Three different levels of arousal (low: with nospectators, medium: with silent spectators and high: with cheering spectators) inthree different levels of intensity (resting, 40% of HRmax, 80% of HRmax) weredesigned. To measure the accuracy and speed of decision making, parametricmethod of MANOVA, 3(training intensity levels) in 3 (arousal levels), was used. Tototally compare the groups, one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA with repeatedmeasures and Tukey post hoc test were used at α=95%. The results showed nosignificant difference in the speed of decision making among different arousallevels (P>0.05) while a significant difference was observed in the accuracy ofdecision making among different arousal levels (P˂0.05). The speed of decisionmaking improved in the low and medium arousal levels through an increase intraining intensity while no significant difference was observed in the speed ofdecision making in high arousal level among different intensity levels (P>0.05).Furthermore, the accuracy of decision making showed no significant difference inlow and high arousal levels among different intensity levels (P>0.05). Theaccuracy of decision making improved in low arousal level through an increase intraining intensity. These finding showed that training intensity and arousalseparately influenced each decision making component.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Janbaba Aghaeinejad; Salar Faramarzi; Ahmad Abedi
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the effect of a period of regular exercise onthe aggression of educable mentally retarded students aged between 9 and 15 inLordegan city. For this purpose, 28 students were selected randomly and dividedinto two groups: 7 boys and 7 girls in experimental group and 7 ...
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The current study aimed to examine the effect of a period of regular exercise onthe aggression of educable mentally retarded students aged between 9 and 15 inLordegan city. For this purpose, 28 students were selected randomly and dividedinto two groups: 7 boys and 7 girls in experimental group and 7 boys and 7 girls incontrol group. Ghezelseflu et al. (1387) aggression scale was used as a pretest forboth groups. A period of exercise program as an intervention program was run for2 months, every week, 3 sessions (45 minutes) per week on the experimental group.After intervention program, aggression scale was run again. The data wereanalyzed by covariance using spss software. The results showed that a significantdifference between control and experimental groups' performance (P<0.001) inaggression which showed that a period of exercise program reduced theaggression and its subscales in the experimental group. It was concluded thatregular exercise program reduced the aggression of educable mentally retardedstudents.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Roza Rahavi; Masoumeh Shojaei; Zahra Estiri; Hasan Naghizadeh
Abstract
Contextual interference is one of the instructional methods for several skills.The aim of this research was to determine the effects of interference beforeperformance and interference during performance on the acquisition and retentionof generalized motor program and parameter in basketball skills with ...
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Contextual interference is one of the instructional methods for several skills.The aim of this research was to determine the effects of interference beforeperformance and interference during performance on the acquisition and retentionof generalized motor program and parameter in basketball skills with an emphasison the examination of contextual interference hypotheses and self-regulationlearning theories. In interference before performance, self-practice schedules isgenerated (self-regulation effect) and interference during performance,experimenter-imposed practice schedule is generated (contextual interferenceeffect). For this purpose, 120 students of Yazd University (age range 19-21 yearsold) who had no prior experience in basketball skills volunteered to participate inthis study. Participants were randomly assigned to 10 groups (each 12 subjects); 5groups practiced with generalized motor program (dribble, chest pass and freethrow skills) and 5 groups practiced with parameter (free throw from differentdistances) in practice schedules (blocked, random, serial, self-regulated and yokedto self-regulated). To collect data, throw and pass test (AAHPERD basketball test)and dribble test (Johnson basketball test) were used. After the pretest, in theacquisition phase, subjects took part in 5 training sessions including 45 trails persession (15 trails each block) for 5 days. After 48 hours, they participated inretention test with 15 trails (5 trials each task). The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, factor analysis of variance with repeated measures, LSD and Duncanpost hoc tests. Results showed a significant difference among practice schedules inacquisition and retention phases of generalized motor program, that is, the effect ofcontextual interference was observed in this program (p<0.05). Also, there was asignificant difference among the schedules in acquisition and retention phases ofparameter, that is, controlling the design of practice has a positive effect onlearning (p<0.05). Thus, the results suggested that during learning process, theeffect of interference before performance was more important than duringperformance.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Zahra Asgari; Behrouz Abdoli
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of analogy (implicit),explicit and discovery learning in the retention and transfer of a topspin shot underpsychological pressure. For this purpose, 36 volunteer high school students wererandomly allocated to three treatment conditions: explicit, analogy, ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the performance of analogy (implicit),explicit and discovery learning in the retention and transfer of a topspin shot underpsychological pressure. For this purpose, 36 volunteer high school students wererandomly allocated to three treatment conditions: explicit, analogy, and discoverylearning. After performing 300 trials in the acquisition phase, an immediateretention and transfer test under psychological pressure was performed. Before theacquisition phase, the MSRSQ, after the test, a procedural protocol and CSAI-2Qin two phases were completed by the participants. Results showed no significantdifference among the groups in the immediate retention test. In the transfer test,analogy learning group outperformed the two other groups. In addition, contraryto the analogy group, the two other groups experienced a performance breakdownin the transfer test when compared with the immediate retention test. There was asignificant correlation (positive and negative respectively) between their MSRSQscore and number of verbal rules and their performance under pressure. It appearsthat the dominant process in discovery learning is explicit process. In addition,learning under explicit and implicit conditions for an extended period of timeappears to be quantitatively similar but qualitatively dissimilar; therefore, usinganalogy learning, performers benefit from advantages of resistance againstperformance breakdown under psychological pressure.
