vahid hassaspour; Alireza Farsi; Mahin Aghdaei
Abstract
Introduction: For many years, researchers have sought different ways to improve the sports activity of the elderly. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of motivational music and video stimuli on cardiorespiratory responses in the elderly during walking.
Methods: The current ...
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Introduction: For many years, researchers have sought different ways to improve the sports activity of the elderly. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of motivational music and video stimuli on cardiorespiratory responses in the elderly during walking.
Methods: The current research was applied quasi-experimentally with a within-subject design. The participants of this research included 24 elderly individuals aged 65 to 75 years old. Then the participants walked on the treadmill at 3 to 5 km/h for 5 to 8 minutes. Participants were assessed under three different conditions (motivational music, motivational video, and no intervention) using a respiratory gas analysis device (resting calorie consumption, total body energy expenditure rate, ventilation-to-oxygen uptake ratio, ventilation-to-carbon dioxide ratio) and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale to record each individual's perception of effort and activity.
Results: The results of repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that in the motivational music condition, there were significant differences in variables such as resting calorie consumption, perceived exertion, total body energy expenditure rate, and ventilation-to-oxygen uptake ratio compared to the motivational video and no-intervention conditions. However, no significant difference was observed in the ventilation-to-carbon dioxide ratio variable.
Conclusion: It seems that walking with motivational music improves cardio-respiratory response variables in the elderly.
Fatemeh Keshvari; Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± ...
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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± 1.34) and Novice (10 participants with a mean age of 22.55 ± 1.80) groups participated voluntarily. The data were measured using 28 electrodes from a 32-channel wireless device and were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test (p≥0.05).Results: The alpha power of the elite group was higher than the novice group (P=0.001). The successful throws showed lower alpha power than unsuccessful throws (P=0.006). In the comparison of the two groups, the alpha power in the unsuccessful throws of the elite group was higher than in their successful throws (p=0.001), but no difference was observed between the alpha power of the successful and unsuccessful throws of the novice group (p=0.584). The alpha power during the execution time of the free throw task was higher than the pre-execution time (p<0.005), but there was no difference between the first and second pre-execution times (p=1.000). The results of the present study showed that the elite group had higher cortical activity than the novice group in all electrodes (p<0.001).Conclusion: The findings show that the elite group performed the task with less cortical complexity by inhibiting irrelevant information. In addition, the decrease in alpha power in successful throws indicates an increase in activation of cerebral cortex and an increase in concentration, so that the task can be performed with fewer neural resources.
Hadis Kavianipoor; Alireza Farsi; Alireza Bahrami
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to develop a model of the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athlete students.Methods: The current research strategy was descriptive and correlational, with the approach of developing a correlational model. In three stages, ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to develop a model of the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athlete students.Methods: The current research strategy was descriptive and correlational, with the approach of developing a correlational model. In three stages, the attentional styles questionnaire was translated into Persian and was evaluated psychometrically. Its process consisted of the French version translation into Persian, re-translation into French, and the final translation. In this study, 245 athletes were selected conveniently from the student population of Shahid Beheshti University. Participants completed attentional styles and trait anxiety questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient for two factors of top-down and bottom-up attention was 0.70 and 0.72, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the factor loadings of five items (items 2 and 4 of the top-down attention factor, and items 3, 8, and 9 of the bottom-up attention factor) were less than 0.4, so they were removed. SEM results showed that trait anxiety has an inverse and significant relationship with top-down attention and a direct and significant relationship with bottom-up attention. Conclusion: The results of the present study highlighted the importance and necessity of paying attention to the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athletes. Therefore, in planning training programs and improving sports performance, taking this relationship into account can be an effective step in preventing adverse outcomes in sports competitions.
Alireza Farsi; Mohamadreza Mahmodi; Maryam Kavyani
Abstract
Introduction: Having Control over performance is one of the most important factors for success in the shooting. Research had shown that the more information a person has about the function of their body, the better control they will have over it. This study aimed to determine the effect of heart rate ...
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Introduction: Having Control over performance is one of the most important factors for success in the shooting. Research had shown that the more information a person has about the function of their body, the better control they will have over it. This study aimed to determine the effect of heart rate biofeedback along with relaxation training on the performance and gaze behavior of shooters.Methods: 16 semi-skilled shooters with an average age of 18 to 40 years were selected using the available sampling method. Participants were homogeneously assigned to the training (heart rate biofeedback with abdominal relaxation training) and the control groups. Before and after the practice interventions, all participants performed 20 shots from a 10 meters distance, while shooting accuracy scores were measured by Scat software and their gaze behavior were measured by an eye tracking device. Then, participants of the experimental group performed 30 minutes of heart rate biofeedback and abdominal relaxation intervention for four weeks, and three sessions per week.Results: The results of two-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the shooting accuracy score of players’ performance, but there was no significant difference in the gaze behavior of shooters between intervention and control groups in the post-test compared to the pre-test.Conclusion: Overall, biofeedback with relaxation training was able to improve the performance of semi-skilled shooters. However, there was no significant difference in the gaze behavior of shooters due to the improvement of the indicators of this variable.
Ali Pashabadi; Alireza Farsi; Abbas Bahram; Afkham Daneshfar
Abstract
Successful anticipation is a key factor for success in saving soccer penalty kick for goalkeepers and introducing optimal interventions to enhance this ability can be useful for improving the level of performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on anticipation ...
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Successful anticipation is a key factor for success in saving soccer penalty kick for goalkeepers and introducing optimal interventions to enhance this ability can be useful for improving the level of performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on anticipation of penalty kick by expert goalkeepers and their gaze behaviors during this anticipation. Participants were 20 expert goalkeepers working in Tehran pro league matches who were randomly assigned to training and placebo groups and passed tests and training interventions. Gaze data were registered using Pupil eye tracker and penalty kick anticipation was recorded using temporal occlusion paradigm. 30 videos of real penalty kicks by expert soccer players were recorded and ball-foot contact moments were occluded so that goalkeepers could anticipate the direction of ball kicking in those videos. Results of 2*4 mixed ANOVA showed that despite of homogeneity of training and placebo groups in pretest (P>0.05), training group had advantage in other phases and this advantage was maintained under pressure (P<0.05). The training enhanced successful anticipation and changed gaze behaviors proportional to successful anticipation and these changes were sustained during 72 hours of retention and transfer test under pressure. Training interventions based on quiet eye can be used as a training package along with physical training and skills of soccer goalkeepers and therefore help them to improve perceptual capabilities and to optimally use visual signs.
Ebrahim Moteshareie; Behrouz Abdoli; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Alireza Farsi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PST on performance, retention, and transfer under pressure of novice badminton players. 40 novice badminton players were randomly assigned to experimental (20 participants) and placebo-control (20 participants) groups. In acquisition and retention tests, ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PST on performance, retention, and transfer under pressure of novice badminton players. 40 novice badminton players were randomly assigned to experimental (20 participants) and placebo-control (20 participants) groups. In acquisition and retention tests, short and long service, toss clear and drop shots were used; in transfer under pressure test, notational analysis was applied. All participants acquired specific badminton skills in 24 sessions over three months. In addition to specific badminton skills, the experimental group received the specific package of PST during 24 sessions (each session 20 min.) while placebo-control group received the same number of sessions about general information on badminton. The results of mixed ANOVA indicated that in all tests, the scores of experimental group were significantly higher than those of the placebo-control group, which indicated the effectiveness of PST on performance and learning of novice male badminton players. The results of this study extended the effectiveness of PST to learning new motor skills.
Behrouz Abdoli; Alireza Farsi; Masoud Ariafar
Abstract
Motor and field characteristic change is called variability of practice that the learner experiences during skill practice. This study was designed to compare the effect of variability of practice on the basketball free-throw learning in implicit and explicit conditions. For this purpose, 40 male ...
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Motor and field characteristic change is called variability of practice that the learner experiences during skill practice. This study was designed to compare the effect of variability of practice on the basketball free-throw learning in implicit and explicit conditions. For this purpose, 40 male (20-27 years old) Shahid Beheshti University students were voluntarily selected and were randomly divided into four groups: implicit learning with variable practice, implicit learning with constant practice, explicit learning with variable practice and explicit learning with constant practice after a pretest. Variable practice groups performed 45 throws from 1.5, 3 and 4 meters distances from the target while constant practice groups had these throws from 3 meters distance each session for 6 days. Implicit learning groups performed a secondary task of counting from 1000 in a reverse order for every triad number along with the free-throw task. But the explicit learning groups performed the free-throw task without a secondary task. The acquisition, retention (48 hours after the last acquisition phase) and transfer (from a 4.6 meters distance) tests were conducted. For data analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measures, two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used (P<0.05). The results showed that all groups improved in the acquisition phase (P>0.001) while the main effect of learning and practice was not significant (P>0.05). In addition, in the retention and transfer phases, the main effect of learning type, practice type and the interaction between practice and learning was not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study disagreed with Schmidt's schema theory.
Alireza Farsi; Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Ebrahim Norouzi
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the manipulation of senses and speed on the performance of bimanual dynamic coordination. Thus, 15 physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University with age range of 18-25 years performed in-phase and anti-phase patterns from slow to fast ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the manipulation of senses and speed on the performance of bimanual dynamic coordination. Thus, 15 physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University with age range of 18-25 years performed in-phase and anti-phase patterns from slow to fast speed in five different sensory conditions. To investigate two motor patterns ANOVA with repeated measures (5 sensory conditions × 3 speeds) on each in-phase and anti-phase pattern. Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze their following effects. The dependent variable was error of relative phase. Results showed that increasing the speed of performance influenced the performance of the anti-phase pattern (P=0.001), but it did not influence the in-phase pattern (P=0.9). Sensory manipulation results indicated that proprioception and vision manipulation had an effect on the accuracy and the variability of performance of two relative phases of motor patterns (P=0.001), but audition manipulation did not affect these patterns (P=0.315). In addition, the highest mean of error of relative phase and standard deviation of error of relative phase were observed in proprioception manipulation (P=0.001). It can be expressed that the bimanual linear coordination task in this study was a proprioceptive dependent task.
Ali Farsi; Hadis Kavianpoor
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to determine the effect of different levels of balance task difficulty and visual feedback on balance in elderly women. Fourteen healthy elderly women (mean age 57/65 yr) were selected voluntarily. Participants were asked to stand still on a stability platform under each ...
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The purpose of present study was to determine the effect of different levels of balance task difficulty and visual feedback on balance in elderly women. Fourteen healthy elderly women (mean age 57/65 yr) were selected voluntarily. Participants were asked to stand still on a stability platform under each of two conditions (with visual feedback and without visual feedback) in three levels of difficulty (6, 8, 10). Stability index scores (Overall, Anterior- Posterior and Medial- Lateral) were calculated by Biodex Balance System. Duration of each test was 20 seconds and rest times were 20 seconds. Results showed that with increasing task difficulty, score of Medial- Lateral balance (p= 0/02) increased significantly. In addition, There was a significant reduction in the scores of Overall balance (p= 0/001), anterior - posterior balance (p= 0/01) and medial - lateral balance (p= 0/01) in visual feedback condition compared with without feedback condition. Overall, the results of this study showed that increasing task difficulty increases postural sway and availability of visual feedback can improve balance and reduce the postural sway.
Behrouz Abdoli; Alireza Farsi; Ebrahim Norouzi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and self – determination Judokas in Iranian pro league, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. The statistical population of this study comprised the entire Judokas of pro league in ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and self – determination Judokas in Iranian pro league, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. The statistical population of this study comprised the entire Judokas of pro league in Iran. Statistical sample set of 126 Judokas of pro league in Iran.
In order to collect data, demographic questionnaire, perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire – 2 (PMCSQ) and sport motivation scale (SMS), were used. In order to analyze of data dscriptive mthods were used and also on level of P<0.05 in order to determine the relationship a multiple variable regression was used. Research results showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived motivational climate and self – determination (P<0.05). Also, the findings showed that there is a significant relationship between performance climate and eccentric and intrinsic motivation (P<0.05) and there is signigicant relationship between Mastery climate and intrinsic motivation (P<0.05). but, there was no relationship between motivational climate and amotivation on the other (P>0.05). generally between perceived motivational climate is important and predicitve factor in athlete's self – determination.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Alireza Farsi; Mohammad Ali Besharat; Behrouz Abdoli
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring the main sources of acute stress in wrestlersregarding the structure and the assessment of reliability and validity of the sourcesof acute stress in wrestlers questionnaire (SASWQ). For this purpose, thisquestionnaire was distributed among a sample of 330 wrestlers (mean ...
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This study aimed at exploring the main sources of acute stress in wrestlersregarding the structure and the assessment of reliability and validity of the sourcesof acute stress in wrestlers questionnaire (SASWQ). For this purpose, thisquestionnaire was distributed among a sample of 330 wrestlers (mean age21.56+5.3) in Tehran who were selected by multistage random sampling method.Analysis of data with SPSS software showed that the Cronbach's alpha for all itemsof this questionnaire was 0.909 and alpha coefficient of the internal consistency forthe first and second section was 0.870 and 0.831 respectively. Content validity ofthe questionnaire showed the equity of each of the 8 principle components of acutestress in wrestlers including skill performance, evaluation, contest, error, prospect,time pressure, injury and environment as 2.43 on average through exploratoryfactor analysis in the principle component analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation.In confirmatory factor analysis with Lisrel software, GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.92 andCFI=0.93 were obtained. The findings showed that SASWQ had acceptablereliability and validity and could measure the mentioned variable in the mentionedstatistical population.
Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli; Mohammadreza Gasemian
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of random and blocked practices with respect to the changes in generalized motor program (GMP) and parameter on acquisition, retention and transfer of table tennis service. For this purpose, 32 subjects were randomly assigned to four groups (8 ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of random and blocked practices with respect to the changes in generalized motor program (GMP) and parameter on acquisition, retention and transfer of table tennis service. For this purpose, 32 subjects were randomly assigned to four groups (8 subjects each group). In the first two groups, GMP changed with blocked and random arrangements while in the last two groups, parameter changed with those arrangements. After pretest, participants completed 300 trials in each task (totally 900 trials) and then they participated in posttest, retention and two transfer tests with different aims. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures (P˂0.05) and Bonferroni post hoc test was used to mark the differences of the groups. The findings showed that despite the type of changes, the random practice caused better performance than blocked practice and these advantages of random practice in GMP changes were greater. However, these effects not only were observed in the same situation but also were maintained in other contexts. In addition, these effects not only influenced performance but also caused the participants to perform the tasks with more efficiency, more cognitive effort and less attention.
Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli; Narges Fa’al; Maryam Kavyiani
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 29-43
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare gross motor skills development in two subtests (locomotors and object control) in preschool children in the deprived and rich environments. Participants in this study were 39 children (mean age: 5 yr). 19 children were selected from deprived environments without extensive ...
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The aim of this study was to compare gross motor skills development in two subtests (locomotors and object control) in preschool children in the deprived and rich environments. Participants in this study were 39 children (mean age: 5 yr). 19 children were selected from deprived environments without extensive motor experiences, and 20 children from a preschool with extensive motor experiences. Ulrich (2000) gross motor development test was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by independent t test. Results showed that there was a significant difference between two groups of rich and deprived in percentage score of locomotors (P=0.001), percentage score of object control (P=0.004), motor development quotient scores (P=0.001). The findings also showed that children with varied motor experiences and education compared with deprived children had higher qualified function in gross motor skills.
Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli; Maryam Kaviyani
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 43-55
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive-attentional and cognitive-motor load on the performance of bimanual coordination skill. 31 female students (mean age 25+2 years) from Shahid Beheshti University attending were selected voluntarily and divided randomly into three groups: single ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive-attentional and cognitive-motor load on the performance of bimanual coordination skill. 31 female students (mean age 25+2 years) from Shahid Beheshti University attending were selected voluntarily and divided randomly into three groups: single group (N=11), cognitive group (N=10) and cognitive-motor group (N=10). Single group participants performed bimanual coordination single task. Cognitive group participants performed bimanual coordination task simultaneously with number countdown task, and cognitive – motor participants performed bimanual coordination task simultaneously with feet reaction time task. Two hand coordination of Vienna test system was used to assess the performance of bimanual coordination task. One – way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data. Statistical significance level was p
Mohammad ali Aslankhani; Alireza Farsi; Hojjat Zamani; Zahra Fathi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effect of contextual interference on acquisition, retention and transfer of coincidence anticipation task with constant, increasing and decreasing speeds. 36 male physical education participants from Shahid Beheshti University were voluntarily selected and randomly ...
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The present study aimed to examine the effect of contextual interference on acquisition, retention and transfer of coincidence anticipation task with constant, increasing and decreasing speeds. 36 male physical education participants from Shahid Beheshti University were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups (12 subjects each group) and performed coincidence timing tasks with Bassin anticipation timing. In this research, three separate experiments were used. Experiments consisted of constant speed, increasing speed and decreasing speed. Subjects participated in pretest, acquisition, blocked retention, random retention and transfer tests. Absolute temporal errors were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P
Alireza Farsi; Behroz Abdoli; Maryam Kaviani; Akram Kaviani
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual – motor experience on motor development quotient of fine and gross motor skills in infants. Fifteen 5-8-month-old healthy infants participated randomly in this study and were divided homogenously into two groups (experimental and ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual – motor experience on motor development quotient of fine and gross motor skills in infants. Fifteen 5-8-month-old healthy infants participated randomly in this study and were divided homogenously into two groups (experimental and control) according to their age. Experimental group had 36 training sessions, each session an hour at a perceptual – motor enriched environment. Peabody motor development scale was used to evaluate fine and gross motor skills. Data were analyzed by independent t test. Results indicated a significant difference in mean score of motor development quotient between fine motor skills (p=0.004) and gross motor skills (p=0.02). These findings showed that training and experience had a positive effect on motor development generally and on motor development quotient of fine and gross motor skills specifically. In other words, training and experience were positive factors of fundamental and basic motor skills development of the infants in both groups. These results are in line with the perspective of dynamic systems of motor development.
Alireza Farsi; Maryam Ekradi; Zahra Asgari; Mina Gholami
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 57-73
Abstract
The present research examined the effect of different feedbacks such as blocked, random and specialized to the most difficult part of a task on acquisition and retention of badminton high service. At first, 10 expert badminton players performed 10 trial high service and 10 with probe technique to determine ...
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The present research examined the effect of different feedbacks such as blocked, random and specialized to the most difficult part of a task on acquisition and retention of badminton high service. At first, 10 expert badminton players performed 10 trial high service and 10 with probe technique to determine the most difficult part of the high service. The difference between the two scores defined the most difficult part of the skill. Then, 33 participants were assigned to one of three groups: blocked, random and specialized feedback to the most difficult part of the skill. Acquisition phase consisted of three 50-trial blocks with 10 trials at the end of each block as the acquisition test. Immediate retention was performed ten minutes after acquisition trials; delayed retention, Scott & Fox quantitative test and transfer test were performed 24 hours later. Data were analyzed by mixed ANOVA (3 Groups ? (3 tests) and one-way ANOVA. The results showed a significant difference between groups in delayed retention of whole task (??0.05). The results also showed that to learn the whole skill, random feedback would lead to better retention performance but there was no difference between groups in the most difficult part of the skill.
Alireza Saberi; Hosien Samadi; Alireza Farsi; Korosh Ghahraman; Hamid Sedaghat
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 91-114
Abstract
This research was performed to monitor the effects of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and timing parameter in a serial task. For this purpose, 80 participants (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily participated in this research and then they were divided randomly ...
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This research was performed to monitor the effects of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and timing parameter in a serial task. For this purpose, 80 participants (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily participated in this research and then they were divided randomly into 4 groups: blocked, random, blocked-random and random-blocked. This test included performance of serial tasks with different generalized motor programs (spatial dimension variance) and variable timing parameter. The participants accomplished 108 trials (pretest) and participated in retention and transfer tests. After these tests, the amount of relative timing error (measure of consistency and proficiency of generalized motor program) and absolute timing error (measure of accuracy and proficiency of parameterization) was calculated. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference (P?0.05) among practice schedules in the acquisition phase, but in transfer and retention phases, despite the relative priority of combined practice groups, there was no significant difference among the groups.
Gholamhosein Nazemzadegan; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh; Rasoul Hemayattalab; Alireza Farsi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 133-149
Abstract
In this study, the effect of cognitive load (CL) training on duration and accuracy of bimanual coordination (BC) task was investigated. For this purpose, athletic male students of Shiraz University were randomly divided into 4 groups: G1 with low CL, G2 with intermediate CL, G3 with high CL and G4 control. ...
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In this study, the effect of cognitive load (CL) training on duration and accuracy of bimanual coordination (BC) task was investigated. For this purpose, athletic male students of Shiraz University were randomly divided into 4 groups: G1 with low CL, G2 with intermediate CL, G3 with high CL and G4 control. The subjects practiced for 6 weeks, 3 sessions a week, 6 blocks, 12 trials. The subjects performed bimanual coordination task by Vienna test system (v=71%-84% and r=85%-96%). Independent T test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results showed that high CL affected the accuracy of bimanual coordination task. No significant difference was observed between CL groups and control group in overall duration (?=0.05). It can be concluded that if there is high CL in activities which require much attention, attention capacity may change and in skills that need attention, the task can be improved after information processing as a result of capacity change.
