Hojat Amini; Ali Akbar Jaberi Mogadam
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of gymnastics training on some neuropsychological functioning in male children with developmental coordination disorder aged between 8 and 10 in Tehran city. 34 children with developmental coordination disorder who aged between 8 and 10 and ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of gymnastics training on some neuropsychological functioning in male children with developmental coordination disorder aged between 8 and 10 in Tehran city. 34 children with developmental coordination disorder who aged between 8 and 10 and had referred to the clinics of occupational therapy and rehabilitation in Tehran in 2013 were selected using convenience and purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental (n=19) and control (n=15) groups. For screening, Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire and Raven's progressive matrices test were used. The dependent variables were assessed by Neuropsychological Conner Questionnaire. The experimental group received an 8-week (3 sessions per week, each session 45 min.) locomotor intervention of gymnastics protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis at P≥0.05 with SPSS16 software. The findings showed significant differences between control and experimental groups in all variables of executive functions (P≤0.001, F= 492.454a) and sensory – motor function (P≤0.001, F=285.693a). Accordingly, it can be concluded that gymnastics training can improve neuropsychological functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Javad Parhizkar Kohneh Ovqaz; Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh; Amir Hossein Ghorbani
Abstract
Postural control requires the integration of sensory information in the visual,vestibular, and senses the body systems. Also research has shown that the sensorysystems involved in postural control, decreased with increasing age. The aim ofthis study was to investigate the effects of age and manipulation ...
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Postural control requires the integration of sensory information in the visual,vestibular, and senses the body systems. Also research has shown that the sensorysystems involved in postural control, decreased with increasing age. The aim ofthis study was to investigate the effects of age and manipulation of sensoryinformation on the postural control. For this purpose, displacement of the anterior- posterior, middle – lateral and speed center of pressure (COP) 22 elderly (59/54± 2/31 year) and 25 young men (23/12±3/26 year) that selected based on targetand availability from Shahid Chamran University students and staff in fourdifferent sensory conditions including 1) open eyes an hard surface 2) eyes openon soft surface3) eyes closed on hard surface 4) eyes closed on soft surface duringthree 30-second efforts with 5 min rest intervals between efforts evaluated. Afterinvestigating the data normality with kolmogorov smirnov and equality of varianceusing the leven test, data using multivariable variance analysis and one-wayvariance analysis was analyzed. Significant differences was observed betweenyoung and elderly groups in all conditions, also removes the visual and plantarproprioceptive information lead to increased sway in the two groups that increasewas greater in the elderly than in young group. This results indicate theimportance of visual information and plantar proprioceptive in postural control,especially in the elderly.
Atena Yazdanshenas; Maghsoud Peeri; Mohammad ali Azarbayejani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the positive effects of forced andvoluntary exercises as a non-pharmacological factor on modified behaviorsdue to stress of separation from mother. In the present study, 48 male babyrats were selected and separated from their mothers from day 2 to 14 for 180minutes. ...
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The aim of this study was to examine the positive effects of forced andvoluntary exercises as a non-pharmacological factor on modified behaviorsdue to stress of separation from mother. In the present study, 48 male babyrats were selected and separated from their mothers from day 2 to 14 for 180minutes. On the 21st day, these rats were randomly divided into 4 groups.The groups included maternal stress, control, treadmill, running wheel (RW).The first group experienced stress of separation from their mothers from day2 to 14 and the control group was kept from the beginning with theirmothers. The exercise groups also began to exercise since their 21st birthday. Then, the groups conducted behavioral anxiety and rodent depressiontests including EPM, Splash, FST, and Open Field. The obtained data werestatistically analyzed by t and ANOVA methods at a significance level(P<0.05). Behavioral tests showed that the stress of separation from themother caused depression behaviors. On the other hand, voluntary exercisecaused antidepressant effects compared with the stress group while nosignificant changes were observed between the effect of forced exercise andthe stress group. The results showed that exercise, especially voluntaryexercise, reduces stress during adolescence, and reduces depression andanxiety behaviors in adulthood.
Sadegh Ranjbar; Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Sayyed Mohsen Fatemi; Ali Fadakar
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous studies have shown that optimal athletic performance is related to many psychological factors. This paper aimed at comparing motivation and perfectionism of successful and unsuccessful karate athletes in Iran men’s karate super league. This study was casual-comparative ...
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Nowadays, numerous studies have shown that optimal athletic performance is related to many psychological factors. This paper aimed at comparing motivation and perfectionism of successful and unsuccessful karate athletes in Iran men’s karate super league. This study was casual-comparative and the population consisted of karate athletes of Iran men’s karate super league in 2015 in Kumite section. Primary data were collected by convenience sampling method from 70 athletes of all participating teams (especially two high ranking teams and three low-ranking teams) in karate super league. After collecting the data of the number of competitions and their results for each athlete, the optimal performance of karate athletes was calculated and two successful and unsuccessful groups were determined (each group 30 subjects). The demographic questionnaire, the sport motivation scale, and the sport perfectionism scale were used in this study. The K-S and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to investigate the natural distribution of data. The results of independent t test showed a statistically significant difference in adaptive perfectionism (positive) between successful and unsuccessful athletes. However, there was no significant difference in maladaptive perfectionism (negative) between the two groups. Furthermore, the Mann-Whitney U test results showed that the difference in all motivation subscales was not significant between successful and unsuccessful karate athletes. Finally, it can be stated that some findings emphasize the role of psychological characteristics in sport success and performance in the two groups which have in the highest rank of Asian and world karate.
Saeed Nazari Kakavandi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Hassan Rohbanfard
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the errorless, errorful and random practice schedules on the acquisition and learning of relative timing in a motor task. 51 male students (age: 22±4 years old) were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (control, errorful, errorless, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the errorless, errorful and random practice schedules on the acquisition and learning of relative timing in a motor task. 51 male students (age: 22±4 years old) were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (control, errorful, errorless, and random). This study was carried out in five phases: pretest (PRT), acquisition (ACQ), 10-min retention and transfer and 24-hour retention and transfer. In the acquisition phase, a timing task with three different difficulty levels (simple, moderate, and difficult) was practiced in three sessions of 45 trials with feedback by experimental groups. In order to analyze the data, a mixed-design analysis of variance model with repeated measures on each variable was used in the acquisition and retention phases. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in the other phases. The findings of relative timing showed no significant differences among the groups in the pretest (P˃0.05). Additionally, in retention and transfer tests, errorless group had better performance than errorful, random and control groups (P≤0.05). Errorless group performed better than the random and errorful groups in 24-hour transfer test of the secondary task (P≤0.05). These results showed that practice in errorless conditions leads to a better learning of the task and its generalization to new conditions that are consistent with the implicit learning and reinvestment theories
Mohammad Hossein Manzari Tavakoli; Masoumeh Shojaei; Kivan Norouzi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of local indigenous games on cognitive function, physical literacy, and academic achievement of children 8 to 12 years old. The participants were 60 male elementary school students with an average age of 10.32. The research was conducted in four phases, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of local indigenous games on cognitive function, physical literacy, and academic achievement of children 8 to 12 years old. The participants were 60 male elementary school students with an average age of 10.32. The research was conducted in four phases, include Pre-test,, Training phase in local indigenous games and dynamic courtyard,, Posttest, and Follow-up. The local indigenous games training consisted of twelve traditional-indigenous games that relied highly on physical activity and interpersonal interactions skills. In addition, the control group performed dynamic courtyard training that included some predetermined activity in school. The descriptive statistics and statistical procedures of Mixed ANOVA 2*3 and Bonferroni post-hoc were utilized to analyze data. Results were indicated that the amount of cognitive function for the local indigenous games group was higher than the control group. In addition, the physical literacy of the local indigenous games group was increased more than the control group. Moreover, academic achievement points for the local indigenous games group and the control group in the pre-test to post-test were enhanced, but this increase was higher in the local indigenous games group. The results of this study, were suggested that local indigenous games as a better model compared to the dynamic courtyard model for improving cognitive function, physical literacy, and academic achievement among children 8 to 12 years old.
Amine Lashkarizade; Vahid Roohollahi; Mahshid Zarezade; Amin Khodabakhshzade
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have positive effects on physical and mental performance, but their effect on cognitive function needs to be explained in more detail. This study examined the effect of selected physical activities with different levels of cognitive-motor interaction on the executive functions ...
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Exercise and physical activity have positive effects on physical and mental performance, but their effect on cognitive function needs to be explained in more detail. This study examined the effect of selected physical activities with different levels of cognitive-motor interaction on the executive functions of 76 girls aged 10 to 12 years in Bam city, with mean and standard deviation of body mass index of 18.5 1 1.5 and average intelligence of 10.5 9 9.9. Based on the pre-test score, they were randomly divided into four groups (high cognitive-high motor, low cognitive-high motor, high cognitive-low motor and low cognitive-low motor). The results of covariance analysis showed that high cognitive-motor lifting exercises have a positive effect on attention and memory function of executive functions of 10 to 12-year-old girls and low cognitive-high-motor and low-cognitive-high-motor cognitive exercises have a positive effect on attentional and inhibitory components. There was a significant difference between high-motor, high-motor, low-motor, low-cognitive, high-motor, and low-cognitive-motor cognitive exercises in the attention component, but no significant difference was found in the component of working memory and inhibition. Therefore, based on the results of this research, by designing high-mobility cognitive exercises in the educational environment, it is possible to provide improvement of executive functions. Therefore, it is hoped that researchers will use the results of this research to improve the executive functions of children .
Esmaeil Nasiri; Ahmad Farokhi; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of self – control modeling , that is presenting moded to learner whenever they asked for it, on learning a timing task.Twenty four right handed subjects (12 males, 12 females, aged 19-20) voluntarily participated in the study and were ...
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of self – control modeling , that is presenting moded to learner whenever they asked for it, on learning a timing task.Twenty four right handed subjects (12 males, 12 females, aged 19-20) voluntarily participated in the study and were assigned randomly to two groups of self – control and yoked.The task was pressing the keys number 1, 4, 5 and 8 on a sequential timing apparatus while keeping certain absolute timig. People in the self – control group received the model whenever they requested it, while subjects in the other group were yoked with self – control group. The experiment consisted of acquistion, retention and transfer phases and absolute timing error was used as dependent variable. Results of factorial ANOVA in acqistion phase showed that even through there were a significant decrement in two groups on absolute timing error (P<0.05), but there were no significant decrement in two groups on absolute timing error (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference between two groups in this changes (P>0.05).Results of retention test failed to show any significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). but in transfer test self – control group showed significantly less error than yoked (P<0.05). the results showed that benefitcial effects of self – control technique anc well generalized to modeling domain and make practice conditions more accordant with informational needs of learners.
Farnaz Torabi; Pegah Rajabpour
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate blocked, random, gradual incremental and gradual decremental practice schedules on the acquisition and retention of different types of basketball pass (overhead, hand chest , single arm with dominate hand) in 8-10-year-old girls. For this purpose, 60 female students ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate blocked, random, gradual incremental and gradual decremental practice schedules on the acquisition and retention of different types of basketball pass (overhead, hand chest , single arm with dominate hand) in 8-10-year-old girls. For this purpose, 60 female students of second, third and fourth grade of elementary school were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: blocked, random, gradual incremental and gradual decremental. After a pretest for each skill, the acquisition phase began including 5 practice sessions and 81 trials each session. The blocked group practiced 27 consecutive trials for each skill per session. The random group randomly practiced three intended skills per session. The gradual incremental group practiced the first 27 trials by blocked schedule, the second 27 trials by serial schedule and the third 27 trials by random schedule each session. The gradual decremental group practiced the first 27 trials by random schedule, the second 27 trials by serial schedule and the third 27 trials by blocked schedule each session. Participants conducted 405 trials at the end of the practice protocol. After the fifth practice session, acquisition test was carried out and retention test was taken 3 days later. The results showed no significant differences in the means between the acquisition and retention tests and these practices with different levels of interference did not have any drastic effects on different phases of learning (P>0.05).
Ali Akbar Jaberi Moghadam
Abstract
This study aimed to consider the dimensions and parameters of handling individual abilities in religious system and contemporary theories based on Quran and Hadith related to body training and physical skills in Islam. As there are a large amount of evidence related to the fit body and relaxed mind, ...
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This study aimed to consider the dimensions and parameters of handling individual abilities in religious system and contemporary theories based on Quran and Hadith related to body training and physical skills in Islam. As there are a large amount of evidence related to the fit body and relaxed mind, many case studies can be observed accordingly. Besides a brief review of the history of Islam, comparative approaches and studies as well as the viewpoints of Islam and other contemporary religious scholars were examined in this study. Among the issues discussed in this study, some items gained more attention: mental and physical health, dimensions of handling individual and practical abilities such as resistance, high morality, agility (activity and skill), stress fighting, prospect, analyzing the situation, and identifying the competitors. In addition, to explain the evidence of religious system, historical and real facts in Quran and Hadith were presented.
Souri Heidari; Abdolrahman Khezry; Mahmoud Sheikh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the transfer of proactive learning between front and back crawl swimming skills in female beginners. 60 students who had registered in elementary swimming course were selected and assigned to four groups (two experimental and two control groups). Experimental groups ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the transfer of proactive learning between front and back crawl swimming skills in female beginners. 60 students who had registered in elementary swimming course were selected and assigned to four groups (two experimental and two control groups). Experimental groups learned a primary task (front or back crawl swimming) for 10 sessions and then learned the secondary task (front or back crawl swimming; contrary to the primary task). The participants of control groups participates only in secondary task. The results showed that amount of proactive transfer from front crawl to back crawl was 3.06% which was not statistically significant (P=0.977) while the amount of transfer from back crawl to front crawl was 13.45% which was statistically significant (P=0.013). On the other hand, to compare the amount of transfer of these two types of swimming, the results of U Mann Whitney test showed that the amount of proactive transfer of back crawl to front crawl was significantly higher than the amount of transfer of front crawl to back crawl (P=0.001). Therefore, these results support the sequence of back-front crawl swimming instruction in beginners.
Vali Ollah Kashani; Mansoureh Mokaberian; Elahe Mostafaifar
Abstract
Mindfulness is a cognitive process during which the mindful persons focus their attention to experience feelings and incidents happening in the present moment within or around themselves. The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Mindfulness Inventory ...
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Mindfulness is a cognitive process during which the mindful persons focus their attention to experience feelings and incidents happening in the present moment within or around themselves. The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Mindfulness Inventory for Sport. For this purpose, 150 athletes with different levels of skills in 7 sport fields, individual and team, were selected by cluster random sampling method and completed the Persian version of this inventory. The method of the research was as follows: firstly, using translation-back translation method, translate accuracy of the Persian version of this inventory was confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine construct validity of this Persian version. Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items. The results showed that first-order (RMSEA=0.042, CFI=0.97 and TLI=0.96) and second-order (RMSEA=0.042, CFI=0.97 and TLI=0.96) confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach alpha coefficients (ɑ=0.79) and intra-class correlation (0.85) of the Persian version of Mindfulness Inventory for Sport supported 3-factor and 15-item structure of this inventory and confirmed validity and reliability of this inventory.
Atefe Eftekhari; Jalal Dehghanizade
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-movement on distance perception. The method of the present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the present study was the students of Urmia University who were randomly selected as a sample of 60 students who were eligible ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-movement on distance perception. The method of the present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the present study was the students of Urmia University who were randomly selected as a sample of 60 students who were eligible to participate in the study and were randomly divided into three groups of 20 people including static group, dynamic group with treadmill speed 4 Km/h and the dynamic group were divided at a speed of 8 km/h. The test of walking blindfolded in a straight line to a previously observed target was used to measure distance perception. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference in the perception of estimating the distance between groups, while there was a significant difference in the perception of distance with closed eyes between groups and also in perception scores. There is no significant difference in distance with closed eyes between the movement group with treadmill speeds 4 and 8, but the difference between these two groups with the group without movement is significant and Finally, the results showed that although self-motion affects the perception of distance with the eyes closed, but the speed of movement does not affect this perception. Therefore, movement can affect the perception of the surrounding environment.
Abolfazl Esmaili; Shila Safavi; Ahmadreza Movahedi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of skill level on the performance of dribbling skills in soccer choking under pressure conditions. For this purpose, 20 skilled players of the university football team and twenty beginner students in football (with age range 18-25) participated in ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of skill level on the performance of dribbling skills in soccer choking under pressure conditions. For this purpose, 20 skilled players of the university football team and twenty beginner students in football (with age range 18-25) participated in the study. The Egilly soccer dribble skill test was performed in two stages: without pressure condition and combined pressure condition. In the present study, the combination of two types of pressure, competition between participants and camcorders were used to create pressure condition. In order to ensure that the pressure conditions were applied, the level of competitive anxiety was measured using the second version of the competitive state anxiety and the heart rate of the participants. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance was used for comparing the mean scores and independent t-test was used to compare the mean scores of two groups without pressure condition. The results showed that the performance of the skilled group, decrease under pressure conditions and the performance of the beginner group improved under pressure conditions. It is possible that the pressure conditions in the beginner group would increase the effort to perform better and thus improve performance. It can also be said that the motivational role of pressure conditions has improved performance in beginners. In skilled persons, they are also likely to engage in skill-centered mechanisms that give less skill to the source of attention which is empirically evident in verifying the explicit review theory.
Hasan Mohammad Zadeh; Maryam Salehi; Hojatolah Amini
Abstract
This study compared the effects of neurofeedback and physical practices on performance and retention of dart throwing skill. 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method from female physical education students of Urmia University who were all right-handed with no history of neurofeedback ...
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This study compared the effects of neurofeedback and physical practices on performance and retention of dart throwing skill. 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method from female physical education students of Urmia University who were all right-handed with no history of neurofeedback training and dart throwing. They were divided to three groups: physical practice, neurofeedback and control (each group 8 subjects). The practice protocol was conducted 3 sessions a week for 5 weeks and then posttest was administered. Retention test was conducted 5 days after the last practice session. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures of factor test, one-way variance, and post hoc tests. The results of two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that although the participants progressed in both neurofeedback and physical practices in the performance phase, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups at this stage. In addition, the main effect of the test phases was significant, but the main effect of group and interaction of the test phases and group were not statistically significant. That is to say the difference of the effects of neurofeedback and physical practices on performance and retention of dart skill was not significant. These results clarified the effect of neurofeedback and physical practices; therefore, they need to be used simultaneously.
Saeed Nazari; Rasool Hemayattalab; Mahmood Sheikh; Morteza Homayounnia
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effect of blocked, incremental systematic and random contextual interferences on acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball skills based on changes in a generalized motor program. In fact, this study was conducted to answer this question that whether regular ...
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This study aimed at investigating the effect of blocked, incremental systematic and random contextual interferences on acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball skills based on changes in a generalized motor program. In fact, this study was conducted to answer this question that whether regular increment of contextual interference level is more effective on learning volleyball service skill than blocked or random practice schedules. 30 students (mean age 23±4 yr, 3 groups and each 10 subjects) participated in this study. The groups were different in practices of the three services. Subjects performed simple, overhead and single arm skills from a distance (9 m from the volleyball net) with different practices. Each participant practiced 108 trials of each service, totally 324 trials during 9 sessions (each session 36 trials). The results indicated that incremental practice resulted in a better performance in retention and transfer tests than blocked and random practices (P˂0.05). In general, it was suggested that the practice should be scheduled so that it can start from low interference and gradually and systematically continues towards high interference in order to facilitate learning of several generalized motor skills.
Ahmad Ghotbi-Varzaneh; Mehdi Zarghami; Alireza Bahrami
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity ofbalance performance clinical tests for hearing impaired persons with moderatehearing level. In this descriptive-survey study with repeated measures, 220 hearingimpaired subjects with normal intelligence and moderate hearing level ...
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The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity ofbalance performance clinical tests for hearing impaired persons with moderatehearing level. In this descriptive-survey study with repeated measures, 220 hearingimpaired subjects with normal intelligence and moderate hearing level wereselected as the statistical sample from all deaf and hearing impaired subjects whohad participated in national competitions in Arak city. The scale (3) of CattellCulture Fair Intelligence Test and motor performance clinical tests were used tocollect the data. After checking the date normality, data were analyzed with intraclassand interclass correlation coefficients and factor analysis tests. The resultsrevealed that finger-to-noise test with dominant hand (ICC=0.79), and with nondominanthand (ICC=0.81), time-up and go test (ICC=0.76), and tandem gait test(ICC=0.87) were reliable. But, the dominant and non-dominant single leg stancetests with open and closed eyes were not reliable (ICC<0.75). The validity ofbalance performance clinical tests was confirmed with factor analysis test. Overall,the finger-to-noise with dominant and non-dominant hand, the time-up and go, andthe tandem gait tests were the most stable tests to assess balance and coordinationof hearing impaired participants.
Nayereh Shamshiri; Zohreh Meshkati; Rokhsareh Badami
Abstract
Introduction: Children with learning disorder have more inefficient use of gaze strategies in various tasks.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on muscle activity and targeting-interceptive skill accuracy in children with learning disorder.Methods: In this ...
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Introduction: Children with learning disorder have more inefficient use of gaze strategies in various tasks.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on muscle activity and targeting-interceptive skill accuracy in children with learning disorder.Methods: In this semi- experimental study with a repeated-measure design, 30 boys aged 7-10 years with learning disorder were divided into quiet eye and control groups . In the pre-test phase, participants performed 10 trails to throw and catch task the ball. Acquisition phase have done in eight weeks and three sessions in per weeks. In per session after the video-gaze exercises, 10 trials were performed to throw and catch task in accordance with the gaze exercises instructions. At the end of the last training session, in the post-test phase, in two weeks of detraining in the retention and transfer phases, the participants performed 10 trials to throw and catch task the ball. At each phase, the selected muscle electrical activity was recorded by electromyography and the throw and catch task performance was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures with 0.05 significant levels.Results: The results indicated that quiet eye training have a significant effect on increasing the learning of targeting-interceptive skills and on reducing the muscles electrical activity.Conclusion: The results of this study support the pre-programming hypothesis on the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.
Mohammad Ali Besharat; Amir Hossein Afshari; Meysam Shahhosseini
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare competitive anxiety and perceived overtraining in athletes with and without anabolic steroids consumption. The statistical population included all athletes of team and individual sport fields in Tehran city in 2016. 251 male athletes with and without anabolic ...
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The aim of the present study was to compare competitive anxiety and perceived overtraining in athletes with and without anabolic steroids consumption. The statistical population included all athletes of team and individual sport fields in Tehran city in 2016. 251 male athletes with and without anabolic steroids consumption were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Athletes had mean age (24 ± 6) years and exercise history (3 ± 1) years. Data were collected using competitive anxiety and perceived overtraining questionnaires. The findings were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and independent t test and showed that athletes without the consumption of anabolic steroids had higher cognitive and physical anxiety than those athletes who consumed anabolic steroids, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in self-confidence. Also, given the perceived overtraining variable, the group who did not use anabolic steroids had a higher level of overtraining. The results indicated that one of the main reasons why athletes use anabolic steroids is their benefits which reduce the negative states and improve the mental and physical performance. That is why these steroids prevail among athletes every day.
Somayeh Sadati Firoozabadi
Abstract
Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities Abstract The aim of the researches to Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities.The aim of the researches to Design and Effectiveness of Motor ...
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Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities Abstract The aim of the researches to Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities.The aim of the researches to Design and Effectiveness of Motor Therapy on Reading Problems in Students with Learning Disabilities. Statistics of current study include all students referring to Centers of Learning Disorder in Shiraz during the 2014 academic year. Subjects consisted of 30 students with learning disability volunteered to participate in this study. Screening Test of Dyslexia Diagnosis Shafii & et al was administered as the pretest and posttest for the students with learning disability. The students received 14 sessions of training for motor therapy. The research questions are analyzed through variance of repeated measurements. The results show that motor therapy lead to improvements in reading problems of students with learning disabilities.Keywords: Motor Therapy, Reading Problems, Learning Disabilities
Zohreh Kamyab; Mehrali Hemati; Farhad Rahmani; Bahador Zakizadeh
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
The aim of this research was to provide physiological and psychological profiles of elite Iranian badminton players. 18 elite badminton players (8 females aged 19.12±3.09 years, and 10 males aged 19.8±2.93 years) took part in this research. The physiological features measured included aerobic power ...
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The aim of this research was to provide physiological and psychological profiles of elite Iranian badminton players. 18 elite badminton players (8 females aged 19.12±3.09 years, and 10 males aged 19.8±2.93 years) took part in this research. The physiological features measured included aerobic power (gas analyzer), anaerobic alactacid power (Wingate), leg muscle power (Sargent vertical jump), leg muscle endurance (bilateral couple jump), abdomen endurance (sit-ups), speed (40 yd running), agility (4×9 m and Illinois running), reaction time and flexibility (sit and reach). Also, the mental preparation of the subjects were measured by the psychological questionnaire "SASI Psych". For statistical analysis of the data, independent t test and single group student test was used. According to the results, the females were significantly weaker than males in physical fitness and mental preparation (P
Kavos Salehi; Davoud Homanian; Mehdi Zarghami; Ishmael Saemi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the effect of sequential stimuli technique on acquisition, retention and transfer of ocular motor sequence. First sequential stimuli, time record, response error software was designed. 60 right-handed novices (15-18 years) were divided into five groups (blocked – explicit, ...
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This research aimed to examine the effect of sequential stimuli technique on acquisition, retention and transfer of ocular motor sequence. First sequential stimuli, time record, response error software was designed. 60 right-handed novices (15-18 years) were divided into five groups (blocked – explicit, blocked – implicit, random – explicit, random-implicit and control). All groups performed a pretest and then (except control group) participated in five training sessions and in each session performed three blocks of ten trials with blocked and random methods. In explicit groups, participants were aware of the aim of task but in implicit groups, they were unaware. During the acquisition phase, control group were only in lab environment and the day after the acquisition, participants took part in retention and transfer tests. The data were analyzed using student-t, repeated measures and two-way analysis of variance tests. The finding showed that the subjects significantly improved in accuracy and time of response in the acquisition phase (P>0.05); but there was no significant different among groups. However, implicit learning groups progressed as much as the explicit learning groups; this finding explained the effectiveness of implicit knowledge in motor skills learning. The retention test showed that random practice was better than blocked practice in movement accuracy but the type of practice did not affect the retention of sequential reaction time. In transfer test, all groups showed transfer to the new sequence only in accuracy but not response time. However, findings showed blocked practice led to sensorimotor integration and timing, whereas random practice led to better stimulus-response association. Overall findings of this research supported this idea that learning that occurs in the context of interference can show retention and transfer to another task.
Jalil Mirzaee; Rasool Zeidabadi; Mohammad Reza Shahabi Kaseb
Abstract
Mental fatigue is a psychological state caused by prolonged periods of cognitive activity and decreases physical performance, but its impact on motor learning has been less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled feedback on learning to produce low, medium and ...
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Mental fatigue is a psychological state caused by prolonged periods of cognitive activity and decreases physical performance, but its impact on motor learning has been less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled feedback on learning to produce low, medium and maximum forces in mental fatigue condition. Participants consisted of 28 eligible volunteers who were randomly divided into two groups of self-controlled feedback and yoked. Electrical dynamometer, Stroop test, multidimensional fatigue inventory and the VAS scale were used in this study. Both groups firstly performed the Stroop test for one hour under mental fatigue protocol and they entered the acquisition phase of force production task after making sure that mental fatigue was created. Immediate and delayed retention tests were performed 10 minutes and 48 hours after the end of the acquisition phase respectively. Findings showed that in mental fatigue condition, there was no significant difference between self-controlled feedback and yoked groups in acquisition and retention of different forces. Also, the error produced in learning the medium force was less than those in learning the low and maximum forces in the mental fatigue condition, that is to say the learning of the medium force was significantly better than the low force. The results showed that mental fatigue reduces the effectiveness of self-controlled feedback and destroys learning to produce low and maximum forces more than medium force.
Shahzad Tahmasebi; Mehdi Shahbazi; Naser Naghdi
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 99-116
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary zinc levels during gestation on physical development of offspring. The statistical population consisted of adult male and female rats (Albino-Wistar) which were obtained from Pasteur Institute, Iran. After mating, 9 pregnant female rats ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary zinc levels during gestation on physical development of offspring. The statistical population consisted of adult male and female rats (Albino-Wistar) which were obtained from Pasteur Institute, Iran. After mating, 9 pregnant female rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) Zinc deficient group (0.05
Roza Rahavi Ezabadi; Parvaneh Shamsipour Dehkordi; Marzieh Khajezadeh
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution of practice on the acquisition, retention with different intervals 1, 7, and also judgment of learning accuracy of forehand drive in table tennis. The 32 female student with 18- 24 years old that passed specialized table tennis unit, ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution of practice on the acquisition, retention with different intervals 1, 7, and also judgment of learning accuracy of forehand drive in table tennis. The 32 female student with 18- 24 years old that passed specialized table tennis unit, contributed as convicted. They randomly were divided to massed and distributed practice groups. The skill used in this study was the forehand drive. After pretest, the massed group practiced all 240 Trails in one session, and the distributed practice group practiced 60 trials per day on 4 consecutive days. After acquisition phase, Participants were asked to predict performance on the retention phase. Participants were asked, “what would you predict your average score on the first the retention test? “And then half of participants of each group contributed for a retention test 1 day later, half of other participants of each group contributed for retention test 7 days later. The data were analyzed by independent sample t test and two –way analysis of variants (ANOVA) with repeated test. The result showed significant differences between massed and distributed practice groups in the acquisition, retention (1, 7) test and also judgment of learning (p
