Peyman Honarmand; Mohammad Khabiri; Rasool Hemayattalab; Hassan Gharayagh zandi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and metamotivation dominance in academic elite athletes based on reversal theory. 124 athletes who were the members of university sport teams participated in this study by convenience sampling method. In this study, Telic ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and metamotivation dominance in academic elite athletes based on reversal theory. 124 athletes who were the members of university sport teams participated in this study by convenience sampling method. In this study, Telic Dominance Scale was used to measure and determine metamotivation dominance and the Persian version of coping strategies questionnaire was utilized to assess athletes’ coping strategies. The results of K-S test showed that the data distribution was not normal; so data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient and U Mann-Whitney test. The results of correlation test showed a negative and significant relationship between activity orientation coping strategies and Telic dominance and a positive and significant relationship between emotion orientation strategies and Telic dominance. Also, the results of U Mann-Whitney test showed that those with Telic used more emotion orientation strategies while those with Paratelic used more activity orientation strategies. Consequently, it is recommended that coaches should identify athletes’ metamotivation dominance to use appropriate coping strategies.
Ghasem Babaei zarch; Hamid Salehi; Reza Hemmati
Abstract
The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press ...
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The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation. Finally the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Research findings are categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation includes psychological and need of achievement motivations and extrinsic motivation includes opportunities, well-being and health motivations, getting support from family, trainers and environment, external motivations, community motivations, improving life skills life, implication of role models and media, and focusing on work without getting distracted. Based on results of this research, it can be said that young athletes tend to do sport for different goals in mind the most important of which is psychological motivations. Parents and trainers for encouraging them toward sport and to achieve their own goals should be used this kind of motivations.The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation.
Tahmineh Karbalaee Sadeghi; Morteza Taheri; Khadijeh Irandoust
Abstract
Introduction: Colon cancer or colorectal cancer is the growth of cancerous masses in the colon. According to research evidence, the use of antioxidants and regular exercise are the best ways to prevent and treat many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intermittent ...
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Introduction: Colon cancer or colorectal cancer is the growth of cancerous masses in the colon. According to research evidence, the use of antioxidants and regular exercise are the best ways to prevent and treat many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intermittent exercise and Quercetin consumption on the brain-derived neurogenic factor (BDNF) and cyclic-adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in the brain hippocampus of rats with colon cancer which has many influences on cognitive functions.Methods: The subjects of this study included 50 male Wistar rats (weight: 250±30 grams, age: 12 weeks) which were homogenized by weight and were randomly divided into five Healthy Control, Cancer Control, Cancer + Quercetin supplement, Cancer + Intermittent exercise, Cancer + Quercetin supplement + Intermittent exercise groups (10 rats in each group). BDNF and CREB measurements were performed in the rats’ hippocampus according to the ELISA standards and method. SPSS software was used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that eight weeks of intermittent exercises had a significant effect on the mean score of BDNF (p = 0.047) and CREB (p = 0.032) in rats’ hippocampus with colon cancer. Eight weeks of Quercetin supplementation had no significant effect on the mean BDNF score (p = 0.792) and the mean CREB score (p = 0.363) in rats’ hippocampus with colon cancer Conclusion: In general, the findings showed that intermittent exercise and Quercetin supplementation improve BDNF and CREB in the hippocampus of rats with colon cancer.
Ali Pashabadi; Alireza Farsi; Abbas Bahram; Afkham Daneshfar
Abstract
Successful anticipation is a key factor for success in saving soccer penalty kick for goalkeepers and introducing optimal interventions to enhance this ability can be useful for improving the level of performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on anticipation ...
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Successful anticipation is a key factor for success in saving soccer penalty kick for goalkeepers and introducing optimal interventions to enhance this ability can be useful for improving the level of performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on anticipation of penalty kick by expert goalkeepers and their gaze behaviors during this anticipation. Participants were 20 expert goalkeepers working in Tehran pro league matches who were randomly assigned to training and placebo groups and passed tests and training interventions. Gaze data were registered using Pupil eye tracker and penalty kick anticipation was recorded using temporal occlusion paradigm. 30 videos of real penalty kicks by expert soccer players were recorded and ball-foot contact moments were occluded so that goalkeepers could anticipate the direction of ball kicking in those videos. Results of 2*4 mixed ANOVA showed that despite of homogeneity of training and placebo groups in pretest (P>0.05), training group had advantage in other phases and this advantage was maintained under pressure (P<0.05). The training enhanced successful anticipation and changed gaze behaviors proportional to successful anticipation and these changes were sustained during 72 hours of retention and transfer test under pressure. Training interventions based on quiet eye can be used as a training package along with physical training and skills of soccer goalkeepers and therefore help them to improve perceptual capabilities and to optimally use visual signs.
Gholamali Afrouz; Korosh Amraei; Mohammad Ehsan Taghi zade; Mohammad Javad Yazdani
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 37-49
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of physical practices on the reduction of slow-pace children's aggression. For this purpose, 20 guidance school students with slow pace were selected through simple random sampling. They were divided into experiment (10 persons) and control (10 ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of physical practices on the reduction of slow-pace children's aggression. For this purpose, 20 guidance school students with slow pace were selected through simple random sampling. They were divided into experiment (10 persons) and control (10 persons) groups. Rosenzweig frustration scale was administered to both groups as the pretest. Experiment group exercised physical practices for one month. Then, Rosenzweig frustration scale was administered to the two groups again. Covariance analysis results showed significant differences (F=40.65, P>0.001) between the two groups. Results indicated a reduction in aggression and an increase in conformity of experimental group. Therefore, regular physical practices can reduce aggression and increase conformity in slow-pace students.
Akbar Jamshidi; Elahe Arab Ameri; Narjes Alizadeh; Afshin Salmaniyan
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport orientation and competitive anxiety in male and female athletes of team and individual sports who participated in 10th student sport Olympiad (1389). The present study was descriptive and correlation method was used. For this purpose, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport orientation and competitive anxiety in male and female athletes of team and individual sports who participated in 10th student sport Olympiad (1389). The present study was descriptive and correlation method was used. For this purpose, 688 subjects (337 females and 351 males) were selected as the sample by simple random sampling method. All subjects in the sport camp filled out Gill sport orientation and a few hours before the competition, they filled out Martin’s competitive anxiety questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t test. The results showed that sport orientation could predict competitive anxiety. In fact, when competitiveness and goal orientation increased, competitive anxiety reduced while when win orientation increased, competitive anxiety increased as well. Female athletes were more anxious than males (P=0.001). Those subjects who were a member of individual sports had more competitive anxiety than team sports (P=0.004). Male athletes were more competitive and win oriented than female athletes while female athletes were more goal oriented than male athletes (P=0.002). However, there was no significant difference in sport orientation between team and individual sports (P>0.05).
Behrouz Abdoli; Nasour Ahmadi; Elham Azimzadeh; Javad Afshari
Abstract
Success is satisfactory for any athlete. However, some athletes will face anxietyin novel circumstances and fear of future will prevent them from improving. Fearof failure is accompanied with stress and adaptation to stress is the most importantissue for an effective decision. The aim of this study was ...
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Success is satisfactory for any athlete. However, some athletes will face anxietyin novel circumstances and fear of future will prevent them from improving. Fearof failure is accompanied with stress and adaptation to stress is the most importantissue for an effective decision. The aim of this study was to examine validity andreliability of performance failure appraisal inventory (PFAI). For this purpose,203 athlete university students (93 women and 110 men who aged between 19 and23 with the physical activity record 7.70±4.4) completed PFAI. Confirmatoryfactor analysis was used to examine construct validity, Cronbach’s alphacoefficient to examine internal consistency of the items of each factor, and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient to examine inter-factor reliability. Results of confirmatoryfactor analysis confirmed five factors in PFAI: fear of devaluing one’s self-esteem(4 items), fear of an uncertain future (4 items), fear of upsetting importantindividuals (5 items), fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment (7 items) andfear of losing important individuals’ interest (5 items). Correlation analysisshowed an acceptable correlation between all of these factors and fear of failure.The results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed acceptable internal consistencyof items of each subscale.
Aioob Sabaghi; Naser Behpoor; Ali Heirani
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effect of the type of feedback and practice on the acquisition of parameter index. For this purpose, 8 groups (each 12 subjects) were formed: constant practice group with self–controlled feedback, constant practice group with yoked feedback (yoked group), blocked ...
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This study aimed at investigating the effect of the type of feedback and practice on the acquisition of parameter index. For this purpose, 8 groups (each 12 subjects) were formed: constant practice group with self–controlled feedback, constant practice group with yoked feedback (yoked group), blocked practice group with self–controlled feedback, blocked practice group with yoked feedback, random practice group with self–controlled feedback, random practice group with yoked feedback, serial practice group with self–controlled feedback and serial practice group with yoked feedback. The subjects threw towards a circle drawn on the ground with closed eyes from a 3m distance with the score range from 10 to 100 (failing to throw in the circle meant no score). The data were analyzed using mixed factorial analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance (P<0.05). In the retention test, the self–controlled feedback prioritized the yoked feedback (P<0.05); however, the effect of practice type was not observed (P>0.05), that is, there was no difference between practice in contextual interference condition and practice in constant condition. The results observed in the transfer test were contrary to those observed in retention test, that is, the effect of feedback type was not observed (P>0.05). The results also showed that the children did not reach the final stage of self-regulation (i.e. generalization) while the effect of practice type was observed (P<0.05) and the practice groups in contextual interference condition were superior. Also, there was no statistically significant difference among practice groups in contextual interference condition (i.e. blocked, serial and random practice groups) in all acquisition stages. Overall, this study showed the beneficial effect of self–controlled feedback in the retention test and practice in contextual interference condition in the transfer test in children. As there was no difference among practice groups in contextual interference condition, the present results confirmed Magill and Hall's (1990) second hypothesis, because the effect of contextual interference was not observed in a similar motor program.
Mina Emami Arandi; Ali Akbar Jaberi Moghaddam; Ahmad Farokhi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-talk (ST), feedback (KP) and their interaction (STF) on acquisition and retention of basketball chest pass. 120 adolescent girls were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups: KP, ST, ST + KP and control. This study was semi-experimental and pretest-posttest ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-talk (ST), feedback (KP) and their interaction (STF) on acquisition and retention of basketball chest pass. 120 adolescent girls were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups: KP, ST, ST + KP and control. This study was semi-experimental and pretest-posttest design with a control group. Instructional self-talk and knowledge of performance feedback were used in this study. After the pretest, each group had 4 practice sessions in the acquisition phase; then, they had posttest and 72 hours later they had retention test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data. Results indicated those subjects who used ST achieved better acquisition and retention scores than the other groups (P<0.05). ST was more effective than KP in the acquisition of chest pass skill. ST and KP can lead to a better and faster development of learning in the early phases
Pouya Biabani; Amir Dana
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on dart throwing performance with different difficulties. A total of 60 beginners and right-handers with an age range of 22 to 28 years were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups of ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on dart throwing performance with different difficulties. A total of 60 beginners and right-handers with an age range of 22 to 28 years were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups of educational self-talk, motivation and control. The study groups performed 5 groups of 12 attempts according to their instructions. All throws were performed at low difficulty level at a distance of 1.80 m, at medium difficulty level at a distance of 2.37 m and at high difficulty level at a distance of 2.87 m from the dartboard. The performance measurement index was evaluated based on the amount of radial error (distance of the dart from the center). The statistical method of two factor analysis of variance analysis was used with repeated measurements in the difficulty level factor for testing hypotheses. The results showed that educational and motivational self-talk led to significant improvement in the dart throw performance. Also, the effect of difficulty was significant, and finally, the interactive effect of self-talk and difficulty on the performance of the dart throwing was significant. In simple tasks, due to the nature of the skill, educational self-talk based on related cues seems to improve the skill well, but at a moderate difficulty level, the role of motivational self-talk seems to become more prominent because the situation requires more effort for success, and this is consistent with the relationship between task difficulty and performance.
Farnaz Torabi; Kia Ranjbar; Zahra Soori
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of external intervention factor (types of music) on physical fitness factors in adolescent boys. 30 adolescent boys (9-12 years old, MSD height, weight and BMI: 133.82.40 cm, 35.62.97 kg, and 19.91.21 kg/cm2), were selected and performed the ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of external intervention factor (types of music) on physical fitness factors in adolescent boys. 30 adolescent boys (9-12 years old, MSD height, weight and BMI: 133.82.40 cm, 35.62.97 kg, and 19.91.21 kg/cm2), were selected and performed the tests in three stages (fast music, slow music, control) with Counter Balance method. In each stage, the muscular endurance, coordination, agility and muscular power tests were used. Also, fast rhythm (135-140 bpm) and slow rhythm (115-120 bpm) were used. Data were analyzed one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results showed that the changes in the results of muscular endurance tests including push up, sit-up and pull up were significant in all three stages (P<0.05). The results of push up significantly outperformed those of control group in fast and slow music stages. There was a significant difference in sit-up and endurance strength between both intervention groups and control group (P<0.05). In each stage, the changes in the results of coordination tests were significant (P=0.01). The subjects outperformed in the control stage (no music) compared with the other stages (P<0.05). The agility results showed no significant difference among the three stages (P>0.05). The explosive power results showed significant differences in the fast music stage than control and slow music stages (P<0.05). Finally listening to the music during strength and endurance performances increases the efficiency of performance. Fast music maybe more effective in preventing central fatigue. On the other hand, every kind of music has negative effects on performance of coordination test and has no effect on performance of the agility test.
Masoud Zahiry; Shahrzad Tahmasebi Borujeni; Mehdi Aghapour; Nastaran Majdi Nasab
Abstract
Challenge point framework is a theoretical framework to understand the effects of exercise variables in motor learning. According to this framework, contextual interference and knowledge of results (KR) feedback have a close relationship with the skill level and task difficulty. So, the aim of ...
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Challenge point framework is a theoretical framework to understand the effects of exercise variables in motor learning. According to this framework, contextual interference and knowledge of results (KR) feedback have a close relationship with the skill level and task difficulty. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises based on challenge point framework on postural control in patients with multiple sclerosis. The postural control of 22 MS patients (age range 20 - 65 years) from patients of Ahvaz MS Association who were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups was measured by the force platform. Subjects in the experimental group performed exercise for 12 sessions, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes each session. The control group did not receive any interventions. The data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measures (P≥0.05). The findings showed that the postural control of experimental group significantly improved compared with the control group as a result of four weeks of exercise protocol. Also, postural control of the experimental group significantly developed in the posttest compared with the pretest. So this study supported challenge point framework and instructors and practitioners can use this protocol for effective clinical interventions to improve balance and postural sways in MS patients.
Samaneh Imanipour; Parvaneh Shafienia; Seyed Esmayil Hashemi Sheikh Shabani; Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh
Abstract
The postural control system is a complex motor system which is formed basedon an interaction of different dynamic processes and many laboratory techniquesrecognize performance disorders using a wide range of neurological signs andsymptoms. The present research aimed to assess the reliability of commonly ...
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The postural control system is a complex motor system which is formed basedon an interaction of different dynamic processes and many laboratory techniquesrecognize performance disorders using a wide range of neurological signs andsymptoms. The present research aimed to assess the reliability of commonly usedclinical measures of balance and to investigate the effect of age, height, weight andBMI on performing clinical balance tests. For this purpose, 133 participants (agerange 18-59 yr) who had at least 3 sessions of sport activity per week, participatedin this research. Clinical balance tests included finger-to-nose (FTN), single legstance (SLS), tandem stance and time-up-and-go (TUG). The results showed thatthe first performance of each three trials was slower. The relationship betweensome factors and these balance tests were examined. The results revealed that FTNand TUG especially TUG test were the most stable measure to assess sportsrelated concussion
Javad Parhizkar Kohneh Oghaz; Mehdi Zarghami; Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh; Amirhosein Ghorbani
Abstract
Postural control has an important role in daily activities and motor independence. In recent years, conscious aspects of postural control such as attention and cognitive processes have received attention for balance optimization performance. Therefore, the present study designed to examine the age–related ...
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Postural control has an important role in daily activities and motor independence. In recent years, conscious aspects of postural control such as attention and cognitive processes have received attention for balance optimization performance. Therefore, the present study designed to examine the age–related differences in postural control in the internal and external focus of attention. For this purpose, displacement of the anterior–posterior, middle–lateral and speed of center of pressure (cop), 22 elderly subjects (mean+SD=59.95±2.12 year) and 22 young men (mean+SD=24.16±2.76 year) who were selected from Shahid Chamran University students and staff purposefully and by availability were measured in three 30–second trials in the internal focus and three 30-second trials in external focus using force platform. After the normality of data had been tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the equality of variance had been tested using the Levene test, data were analyzed using multivariable variance analysis, one–way variance analysis and MANOVA. Results showed that postural stability of both groups in external focus was more than internal focus. These results supported limited action hypotheses and conscious processes. Also, in both conditions, young group had more postural stability than the elderly. It seems that the weaker performance of the elderly in both external and internal conditions was due to the effects of aging on sensorimotor systems.
Fariba Hasan Barani; Behrooz Abdoli; Shaghayegh Modaberi
Abstract
Recently, researches on motor learning have illustrated that learning with effortless process supports learning under psychological stress. Also, contextual interference and practice specificity theories are among those theories which investigate desired practice conditions. The current study aimed at ...
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Recently, researches on motor learning have illustrated that learning with effortless process supports learning under psychological stress. Also, contextual interference and practice specificity theories are among those theories which investigate desired practice conditions. The current study aimed at identifying cognitive effort and effortless process based on contextual interference and practice specificity theories. 30 participants were randomly divided into three groups of specificity, random and serial. After the pretest, groups practiced the throwing task for three days. After two transfer tests, subjects were asked to write down the verbal protocol with all details. The results of combined analysis of variance test (3*3) (group*day) revealed the effect of performance progress in practice days and one-way ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference between specificity and random groups during 1 and 2 transfer tests (P˂0.017). It was concluded that specificity and random groups used effortless and implicit process; therefore, coaches and therapists are recommended to use these two methods to instruct motor skills.
Behrouz Abdoli; Nassour Ahmadi; Azam Ghazi
Abstract
According to specificity of practice hypothesis, availability of visual information during practice induces performance decrement in no-vision transfer test. One hypothesis is that full vision as a dominant source of information prevents the processing of other sensory sources, in which case, weakened ...
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According to specificity of practice hypothesis, availability of visual information during practice induces performance decrement in no-vision transfer test. One hypothesis is that full vision as a dominant source of information prevents the processing of other sensory sources, in which case, weakened vision may reduce dominance of vision over other sensory sources. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of different vision levels and amount of practice on dart throwing accuracy. 30 right-handed female students of Shahid Beheshti University (mean age 22.80±1.47) were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups: full vision, no-vision and weakened vision. The acquisition phase consisted of two phases of low (45 trials) and high (300 trials) amount of practice. Mixed model ANOVA (2x3) showed that removing vision had no deteriorating effect at the beginning of the practice , but it had a deteriorating effect after extensive practice in the performance of full vision group (P=0.001). Moreover, removing vision did not affect the performance of weakened vision group which could indicate that weakened visual might not prevent the processing of other sources of sensory information. The results of this study supported specificity of practice hypothesis after 300 trials of practice with removing vision. But this hypothesis was not supported with adding vision and dominance of proprioceptive information was not observed. It was likely that dependence on dominant sources of information (vision) appeared sooner while dependence on secondary sources of information (proprioceptive) takes more time and appeared after more trials of practice.
Morteza Pourazar; Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah
Abstract
Introduction: Sport is an important part of students' life. The social development of athletes could be different based on their gender and type of sport. The present study aimed to compare the social development of athletes (team and individual sports disciplines) and non-athlete students of Farhangian ...
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Introduction: Sport is an important part of students' life. The social development of athletes could be different based on their gender and type of sport. The present study aimed to compare the social development of athletes (team and individual sports disciplines) and non-athlete students of Farhangian University.Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional survey research, 2000 male and female students of Farhangian University of Mazandaran province were recruited as a statistical population. 300 students were selected using the cluster random sampling method. Witsman's Social Development Questionnaire (1990) was used as the research instrument. To analyze the data, a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used.Results: Based on the results of the two-way analysis of variance, significant results were found for the main effect of gender and group variables. However, the interaction effect of group and gender was not significant. The social development of female students was higher compared with male students. Based on the results of Tukey's post hoc test, athletes had significantly higher social development than non-athletes. Although the social development of athletes in individual sport discipline had a higher mean than the team athletes, the difference was not significant.Conclusion: Considering the higher social development of athletes compared with non-athletes and also, almost identical social development scores for both groups of athletes (team and individual sports disciplines), it is suggested that coaches foster a supportive environment by emphasizing the importance of equality of each athlete to provide the basis for social development among all people.
Elham Azizi; Esmail Nasiri; Maryam Khalesi
Abstract
Introduction: Sports activities can protect the brain and improve its function. However, the lack of time is one of the primary reasons for not participating in the recommended amount of sports activities. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) ...
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Introduction: Sports activities can protect the brain and improve its function. However, the lack of time is one of the primary reasons for not participating in the recommended amount of sports activities. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on hippocampal nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, learning, and spatial memory in adult male rats.Methods: For this, 16 male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups (control and SIT). The SIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of running on the treadmill (three sessions per week, 4-9 repetitions of 10 seconds sprints, and 1 min rest between repetitions). At the end of the eighth week, the rats’ cognitive performance was evaluated using the shuttle box and Y-maze avoidance tests. Finally, rats were anesthetized and the hippocampus was removed and NGF levels were measured.Results: The findings showed that in the SIT group, the hippocampal NGF levels were significantly higher than the control group (p=0.001). Moreover, rats in the SIT group had better performance in the shuttle box and Y-maze avoidance tests than the control group, but the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that SIT (with 10 seconds repetitions) can increase the hippocampal NGF levels, though, to improve our knowledge about its effect on cognitive performance, more studies are needed
Mohammad Khorand; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Hasan Ashayeri; Mohamad Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Elahe Arabameri
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 43-59
Abstract
The relationship between relaxation and rhythmic exercises with regard to functional neuroplasticity mechanism is a subject that has been studied in recent researches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic exercises on the depth of relaxation in national judo athletes. 30 ...
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The relationship between relaxation and rhythmic exercises with regard to functional neuroplasticity mechanism is a subject that has been studied in recent researches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic exercises on the depth of relaxation in national judo athletes. 30 male athletes of national judo team were randomly selected and divided into three groups: control, experimental 1 (relaxation) and experimental 2 (relaxation and rhythmic), 10 subjects each group. Data were obtained from a three-month period (two 6- weeks, the first 6-weeks relaxation for experimental 1 and 2 groups, the second 6-weeks relaxation and rhythmic exercises for experimental 1 and 2 groups and no exercise for control group) by EMG index. ANOVA and repeated measures tests were used to analyze the data. Findings showed a significant difference in the relaxation skill among groups. On the other hand, exercise periods increased relaxation and rhythmic exercises reinforced relaxation depth. Findings indicated that rhythmic exercises could improve relaxation and its depth.
Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli; Maryam Kaviyani
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 43-55
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive-attentional and cognitive-motor load on the performance of bimanual coordination skill. 31 female students (mean age 25+2 years) from Shahid Beheshti University attending were selected voluntarily and divided randomly into three groups: single ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive-attentional and cognitive-motor load on the performance of bimanual coordination skill. 31 female students (mean age 25+2 years) from Shahid Beheshti University attending were selected voluntarily and divided randomly into three groups: single group (N=11), cognitive group (N=10) and cognitive-motor group (N=10). Single group participants performed bimanual coordination single task. Cognitive group participants performed bimanual coordination task simultaneously with number countdown task, and cognitive – motor participants performed bimanual coordination task simultaneously with feet reaction time task. Two hand coordination of Vienna test system was used to assess the performance of bimanual coordination task. One – way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data. Statistical significance level was p
Hanid Salehi; Ahmadreza Movahedi; Gholamali Ghasemi Kahriz Sangi; Adnan Ghazanfari
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 45-64
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to compare the level and the pattern of attention demands of a volleyball jumping serve using a probe reaction time (RT) technique. 14 junior elite volleyball players performed 60 jumping serves (JS) with their preferred hand. Jumping serve was performance as the primary ...
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The aim of this investigation was to compare the level and the pattern of attention demands of a volleyball jumping serve using a probe reaction time (RT) technique. 14 junior elite volleyball players performed 60 jumping serves (JS) with their preferred hand. Jumping serve was performance as the primary task and verbal RT that was administered in four probe positions (PP) as secondary task. Results indicated a non-linear attention pattern in the performance of jumping serve so that probe RT was highest in pre-shot in run up (PP1) and in landing (PP4) while it was lowest in pre-jump stepping ahead (PP2) and pre-striking (PP3). According to the results, attention level in failed serves was lower than successful ones while the attention pattern was similar. It was concluded that attention deficit might be one reason for failing serves.
Saeed Kosari; Fatemeh Keyhani; Rasoul Hemayat talab; Elahe Arabameri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected physical activity
program on the development of motor skills in children with attention deficit /
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high functioning autism (HFA). In this semiexperimental
research, 20 children (8.8+0.7 years old) with ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected physical activity
program on the development of motor skills in children with attention deficit /
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high functioning autism (HFA). In this semiexperimental
research, 20 children (8.8+0.7 years old) with HFA and 10 children
(7.9+1.4 years old) with ADHD based on pretest scores were randomly selected.
Bruininks – Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOTMP) for children with ADHD
and test of gross motor developmental – 2 for children with HFA were used.
Selected motor program (SPARK motor program) which included motor
strengthening activities, games and sports for children was performed 18 sessions
for ADHD children and 12 sessions for HFA children. K-S test to determine the
normality of data distribution and statistical t tests, Levene test and covariate
analysis were used to compare the means. The results showed the selected program
made significant changes in most variables in ADHD and HFA children in
experiment group but not in control group. According to the results of this
research, it is suggested that the selected physical activity program (SPARK) can
improve motor skills in children with ADHD and HFA.
Zahra Salman; Mahmud Sheikh; Maryam Seyf; Elahe Arabameri; Mehdi Aghapour
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2009, , Pages 47-63
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of perceptual motor training on improving the motor abilities of children with developmental coordination disorder. A total of 194 male and female elementary school students (aged between 6 and 11) were selected from three regions of Tehran and ...
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The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of perceptual motor training on improving the motor abilities of children with developmental coordination disorder. A total of 194 male and female elementary school students (aged between 6 and 11) were selected from three regions of Tehran and participated voluntarily in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control. The subjects performed a pretest prior to participating in the training program. The training program included two months of adjusted perceptual motor activities for 24 sessions. Following the training program, both the experimental and control groups took part in the posttest. The test included manual dexterity, dynamic and static balance, and ball handling skills. The data were analyzed by PC: SPSS-13. The results showed that children with perceptual motor training significantly improved their development coordination disorder or dyspraxia.
Alireza Farsi; Maryam Ekradi; Zahra Asgari; Mina Gholami
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 57-73
Abstract
The present research examined the effect of different feedbacks such as blocked, random and specialized to the most difficult part of a task on acquisition and retention of badminton high service. At first, 10 expert badminton players performed 10 trial high service and 10 with probe technique to determine ...
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The present research examined the effect of different feedbacks such as blocked, random and specialized to the most difficult part of a task on acquisition and retention of badminton high service. At first, 10 expert badminton players performed 10 trial high service and 10 with probe technique to determine the most difficult part of the high service. The difference between the two scores defined the most difficult part of the skill. Then, 33 participants were assigned to one of three groups: blocked, random and specialized feedback to the most difficult part of the skill. Acquisition phase consisted of three 50-trial blocks with 10 trials at the end of each block as the acquisition test. Immediate retention was performed ten minutes after acquisition trials; delayed retention, Scott & Fox quantitative test and transfer test were performed 24 hours later. Data were analyzed by mixed ANOVA (3 Groups ? (3 tests) and one-way ANOVA. The results showed a significant difference between groups in delayed retention of whole task (??0.05). The results also showed that to learn the whole skill, random feedback would lead to better retention performance but there was no difference between groups in the most difficult part of the skill.
Roya Mahdipour; Mahdi Namazizadeh; Rokhsareh Badami; Hamid Mirhosseini
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of vision and motor cortex on learning of basketball free throw skill. In this semi-experimental study with repeated measure research design, 45 female students novice at basketball free throw ...
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The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of vision and motor cortex on learning of basketball free throw skill. In this semi-experimental study with repeated measure research design, 45 female students novice at basketball free throw were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (each group 15 subjects): tDCS on vision cortex, tDCS on motor cortex and artificial stimulation. In pretest phase, participants had 15 basketball free throws. Intervention phase was performed in 6 consecutive days; firstly, electrical stimulation of the brain was daily performed from the motor cortex (C3 anode and Fp2 cathode), the visual cortex (Oz anode and Cz cathode) and artificial stimulation, and then participants performed 15 free basketball throws. In last session, posttest phase was carried out. One week and 21 days after the posttest phase, short-term and long-term retention phase was performed. Data were analyzed with mixed ANOVA. The results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex (F=16.908, sig=0.0001, η2 =0.547) and vision cortex (F=7.41, sig=0.001, η2=0.346) improved basketball free throw. Other results indicated that tDCS on motor cortex improved basketball free throw more than tDCS on vision cortex (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of the current study indicated that tDCS on motor cortex can be effective as a new training method in addition to physical training to improve basketball free throw skill.
