Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Alireza Farsi; Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi; Ebrahim Norouzi
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the manipulation of senses and speed on the performance of bimanual dynamic coordination. Thus, 15 physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University with age range of 18-25 years performed in-phase and anti-phase patterns from slow to fast ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the manipulation of senses and speed on the performance of bimanual dynamic coordination. Thus, 15 physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University with age range of 18-25 years performed in-phase and anti-phase patterns from slow to fast speed in five different sensory conditions. To investigate two motor patterns ANOVA with repeated measures (5 sensory conditions × 3 speeds) on each in-phase and anti-phase pattern. Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze their following effects. The dependent variable was error of relative phase. Results showed that increasing the speed of performance influenced the performance of the anti-phase pattern (P=0.001), but it did not influence the in-phase pattern (P=0.9). Sensory manipulation results indicated that proprioception and vision manipulation had an effect on the accuracy and the variability of performance of two relative phases of motor patterns (P=0.001), but audition manipulation did not affect these patterns (P=0.315). In addition, the highest mean of error of relative phase and standard deviation of error of relative phase were observed in proprioception manipulation (P=0.001). It can be expressed that the bimanual linear coordination task in this study was a proprioceptive dependent task.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hasan Baghande; Elahe Arab Ameri; Foad Niknasab
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional - local games on the development of gross motor skills of children with educable mental retardation. 30 educable mentally retarded children in Welfare Organization of Marivan city (mea age 12.8 ±1.12 yr and IQ 33.61±7.81) ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional - local games on the development of gross motor skills of children with educable mental retardation. 30 educable mentally retarded children in Welfare Organization of Marivan city (mea age 12.8 ±1.12 yr and IQ 33.61±7.81) were studied with purposive sampling method. All children were pretested; then, samples were randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental. Each group consisted of 8 boys and 7 girls. In gross motor skills, Bruininks - Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency was used. Traditional - local games were practiced by the experimental group during 32 sessions, each session 50-60 minutes for 4 days a week. The control group performed their daily routine. After 32 sessions of practice, both groups were post-tested. To study the research hypotheses, non-parametric Wilcoxon and U Mann Whitney tests were used (SPSS16). The results showed a significant difference in posttest scores between the two groups (P<0.05). The experimental group had higher scores. The findings suggested that the training program used (traditional - local games) in this study was appropriate to improve the gross motor skills in educable mentally retarded children and can be used as a training program in training centers.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Tayebe Taherpouri; Parvaneh Shafineya; Mahdi Zarghami
Abstract
Various researches know lateral preference of eye and hand pattern as one of the important factors of performing sports skills. This study aimed at investigating the effect of lateral preference of eye and hand pattern on learning basketball free throw skill. From 3000 female students of Shahid ...
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Various researches know lateral preference of eye and hand pattern as one of the important factors of performing sports skills. This study aimed at investigating the effect of lateral preference of eye and hand pattern on learning basketball free throw skill. From 3000 female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 60 subjects (age range 19-22 yr) were selected purposively as the sample using a researcher-made questionnaire of individual information and sporting background, Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971) and hole card (Durand and Gold, 1910) and were assigned to two control and experimental groups (each group: 15 unilateral subjects and 15 crossed-lateral subjects). Firstly, pretest of basketball free throw was conducted. Then, practice protocol was performed for 8 weeks (24 sessions, 3 sessions a week). During this period, 6 posttests were administered to determine learning stages and one week after the last posttest, the retention test was conducted. The results showed a significant difference between unilateral and crossed-lateral (experimental group) subjects in the cognitive (sig=0.000) and associative (sig=0.000) stages of the acquisition of basketball free throw and the unilateral subjects had a better performance. Whereas there was no significant difference between unilateral and crossed-lateral subjects in the autonomous (sig=0.105) and retention (sig=0.086) stages. Finally, the results showed a difference in performance between experimental and control groups in favor of experimental group. According to these results, it seems that long practice and autonomous skill in unilateral and crossed-lateral subjects matched their performance and eliminated their differences. Therefore, coaches are recommended to identify talented subjects after a lot of practice in order to not generalize the result of performance to learning.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Jamal Fazel; Sahar Avazpour; Hamed Alizadeh
Abstract
Perfectionism, in fact, is an irrational belief individuals have about themselves and their surroundings. Perfectionists believe that they and their surroundings must be complete and any attempt in life must be without error. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of positive ...
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Perfectionism, in fact, is an irrational belief individuals have about themselves and their surroundings. Perfectionists believe that they and their surroundings must be complete and any attempt in life must be without error. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of positive and negative perfectionism with competitive state anxiety. 100 soccer players completed Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship of the two variables of positive and negative perfectionism with competitive state anxiety and multivariate regression was applied to predict competitive state anxiety by positive and negative perfectionism (P=0. 05). The results showed a negative and significant relationship between positive perfectionism and competitive state anxiety and its somatic and cognitive subscales while there was no negative and significant relationship between positive perfectionism and 'self-confidence' competitive state anxiety subscale. In contrast, other findings showed a positive and significant relationship only between negative perfectionism and 'self-confidence' competitive state anxiety subscale while no significant relationship was observed between negative perfectionism and competitive state anxiety and its other subscales. The final results of regression showed that positive and negative perfectionism could predict subscales of competitive state anxiety in non-professional soccer players.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Amirhossein Barati; Farshid Tahmasbi; Karim Biglar
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and incidence of injury in Iranian elite wrestlers. 60Iranian elite athletes participated in this study. Data were collected with injury report form and NEO personality questionnaire. The descriptive ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and incidence of injury in Iranian elite wrestlers. 60Iranian elite athletes participated in this study. Data were collected with injury report form and NEO personality questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient at a significance level of 95% were used for data analysis.Results showed that all of the wrestlers suffered from at least two injuries during one season. The results showed a significant relationshipbetween personality traits includingneuroticism (P≤0.005), extraversion (P≤0.003), openness to experience (P≤0.047), agreeableness (P≤0.0001) and conscientiousness (P≤0.0001).Overall, findings indicated that personality traits such as low neuroticism, high extraversion, low openness to experience, high agreeableness and highconscientiousness helped elite athletes to better handle stressful situations in sports andto confront harmful psychological factors such as stress and anxiety through enhancing self-confidence and finally decrease injury incidence. Thus, officials, coaches, physicians and sport psychologists are recommended to plan to evaluate elite athletes' personality traits so that injury incidence can reduce and be prevented through a selection of those athletes with suitable personality traits.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hasan Mohammad Zadeh; Maryam Salehi; Hojatolah Amini
Abstract
This study compared the effects of neurofeedback and physical practices on performance and retention of dart throwing skill. 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method from female physical education students of Urmia University who were all right-handed with no history of neurofeedback ...
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This study compared the effects of neurofeedback and physical practices on performance and retention of dart throwing skill. 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method from female physical education students of Urmia University who were all right-handed with no history of neurofeedback training and dart throwing. They were divided to three groups: physical practice, neurofeedback and control (each group 8 subjects). The practice protocol was conducted 3 sessions a week for 5 weeks and then posttest was administered. Retention test was conducted 5 days after the last practice session. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures of factor test, one-way variance, and post hoc tests. The results of two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that although the participants progressed in both neurofeedback and physical practices in the performance phase, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups at this stage. In addition, the main effect of the test phases was significant, but the main effect of group and interaction of the test phases and group were not statistically significant. That is to say the difference of the effects of neurofeedback and physical practices on performance and retention of dart skill was not significant. These results clarified the effect of neurofeedback and physical practices; therefore, they need to be used simultaneously.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hamed Abdolmaleki; Bahram Ghafari
Abstract
Newell's learning stages model is a learning model based on dynamic systems theory which is divided to three stages based on the relationship among learners' degree of freedom. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attention focus of instruction on learning a simple skill (throwing ...
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Newell's learning stages model is a learning model based on dynamic systems theory which is divided to three stages based on the relationship among learners' degree of freedom. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attention focus of instruction on learning a simple skill (throwing darts) and a complex skill (non-dominant foot chip shot). Thestudyconsistedoftwoexperiments. In thefirst experiment,24male studentsofUniversity of Tehran were instructed tothrow darts. Participantsweredivided into two groupsbased onpretest scores, and thenone group received internalfocusinstructionsand the otherexternalfocus instruction. Results showed that external attention focus was more beneficial when learning the skill of throwing darts. In the second experiment, 24 male students of University of Tehranwere instructedto perform non-dominant foot chip shot skill. Participants were divided into two groups based on their pretest scores, and thenone groupreceived internalattention focusinstructionsand otherexternalfocus instruction. The results showed that internal focus of attention was more beneficial when learning the non-dominant foot chip shot. Results of this study suggested that it was more useful to adopt an internal focusin skills whose coordinative structures have not yet formed.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mahdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhaki; Mohammad Ali Besharat
Abstract
Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity ...
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Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity levels participated in a basketball skills training course along with a control group (the subjects were randomly selected). To evaluate their performance,AAHPERD and Hann basketball pass tests were used in thepretest, posttest, retentionandtransfer phases. The results of covariance and analysis of variance in posttest (P=0.0001) andretention test (P=0.011) inAAHPERD basketball pass showed a significant advantagein this test along with increased motor impulsivity levels.However,better performance were along with decreased impulsivity levelsinHann pass task. The observed differences among the groups were not statistically significantin the transfer phase(P=0.112). It can be concluded that different levels of motor impulsivity is one of the main factors affecting sport skills learningwith regard to the speed-oriented and accuracy-oriented skills.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Meysam Shahhosseni; Hasan Gharayagh Zandi; Mojtaba Hasani Sangani
Abstract
The aim ofthe current study wasto comparegeneral health and mood state profile in bodybuilders with/without anabolic steroid consumption. Thestatistical populationconsisted of all bodybuilders in Tehran city in 2015. 200 bodybuilders were selected from Tehran sport clubs with convenience sampling ...
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The aim ofthe current study wasto comparegeneral health and mood state profile in bodybuilders with/without anabolic steroid consumption. Thestatistical populationconsisted of all bodybuilders in Tehran city in 2015. 200 bodybuilders were selected from Tehran sport clubs with convenience sampling method. After excluding unauthorized questionnaire, 192 questionnaires were analyzed. The data were collected withGeneral-Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Mood State Profile Questionnaire and a researcher-made demographic questionnaire filled out by anabolic steroid users and non-usersin the sport clubs. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS20 were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a significant difference between anabolic steroid users and non-users in general health, its three subscales (physical, anxiety and social function dysmorphic), and two subscales of mood state profile (tension and anger). Accordingly, in addition to their physiological role in body, anabolic steroid has devastating effects on athletes' general health and mood.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Davood Homanian; Abdolrahman Khezri
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Paaryaad training program on the development of motor skills of children aged between 6 and 8 who suffered from high function autism (HFA). For this purpose, 30 girls with HFA (mean age 7.1 ± 0.6 yr) were randomly selected from ...
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The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Paaryaad training program on the development of motor skills of children aged between 6 and 8 who suffered from high function autism (HFA). For this purpose, 30 girls with HFA (mean age 7.1 ± 0.6 yr) were randomly selected from special schools of Sanandaj city. Then, according to the pretest scores, were assigned to control and experimental groups. Pretest and posttest scores were measured by Bruininks-Oseretsky test. Motor intervention program included 16 sessions of Paaryaad training. The K-S test was used to determine data distribution and Levin and ANCOVA tests were used to compare means. The results showed that Paaryaad training program affected significantly the development of the subscales of running speed and agility, balance, bilateral coordination and strength (P<0.05). But, the effect of this training program on the subscales of response speed, visual- motor control and upper limb speed and dexterity was not significant (P>0.05). According to these results, it could be argued that this training program may improve the fundamental skills of children with HFA.
