Motor Development and Learning
Farzane Barmaki; mehdi sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
The purpose this study was determining the effect of the selected movement program on reading comprehension and reading of seven to nine-year-old, dyslexic students. The target population included all seven- to nine-year-old dyslexic students of Ferdows. Participants assigned to three groups of selected ...
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The purpose this study was determining the effect of the selected movement program on reading comprehension and reading of seven to nine-year-old, dyslexic students. The target population included all seven- to nine-year-old dyslexic students of Ferdows. Participants assigned to three groups of selected exercises, experimental and control. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Intervention applied in selected and experimental groups. The participants were evaluated in two phases before and after the training period. While two training groups were intervened based on their defined program; The control group didn’t do any training. The selected training program used based on the Blight approach(learn attention, balance and coordination) was designed and done in four weeks. In order to collect data related to reading disorders, the participants were asked to take a test one day before starting the exercises. Then the experimental groups participated in the selected movement training program for4weeks(12sessions) and the control group did not follow the targeted training program. each training session was approximately70minutes, which included 10 minutes of warm-up, 50minutes of stationary exercises (attention, balance and coordination practicing) and10minutes of cool-down. Descriptive statistics(mean and standard deviation) and due to the normality of data distribution, parametric tests and inferential statistics of one-way and multivariate covariance analysis used in this study. The results showed that the participants of the selected training group based on the Blight approach performed better than others in both task. The results confirm the selected exercises based on the Blight approach.
Ehsan Zarei Mahmoudabadi; Hamidreza Taheri; Mehdi Sohrabi
Abstract
Introduction: Manipulation and control of the environment improve motor skills, increase sports participation, and promote more active social engagement. These factors, in turn, enhance physical and motor competence. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of traditional education and TGFU on the ...
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Introduction: Manipulation and control of the environment improve motor skills, increase sports participation, and promote more active social engagement. These factors, in turn, enhance physical and motor competence. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of traditional education and TGFU on the perceived competence, sports participation, and basketball skills of 10-12-year-old students.Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the research included 10-12-year-old male students of Meybod City, 45 of whom were selected using the available purposive sampling method. The samples were randomly assigned into three groups of 15 people, including traditional training, TGFU training, and control groups. To collect data, a Sports Participation Motivation Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Scale, AAHPERD controlled dribble, and basketball passing tests were used. To analyze the data, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Benferroni's post hoc tests were used at a significance level of P≤0.05.Results: The results showed that the perceived competence (physical, cognitive, and social), sports participation, and learning basketball skills (pass and dribble) in the traditional and TGFU groups were better than the control group (P≤0.05). Also, these results were significantly higher in the TGFU group than in the traditional group (P≤0.05).Conclusion: Teachers and coaches can use the TGFU teaching method to increase sports participation, improve students' competencies, and provide an attractive and motivating learning experience.
Parvin Mohammadi Farsani; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Mehdi Sohrabi; Ali Shoeibi
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of research is to create a learning environment that can increase learning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of contextual interference on spatial accuracy and motor reprogramming of the sequential motor task in people with Parkinson's disease.Methods: The research ...
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Introduction: The goal of research is to create a learning environment that can increase learning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of contextual interference on spatial accuracy and motor reprogramming of the sequential motor task in people with Parkinson's disease.Methods: The research method is a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test research design. 64 people with Parkinson's disease (mean age = 62.93 ± 3) were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into four equal groups (16 people) including blocked - high similarity, blocked - low similarity, random - high similarity, and random - low similarity. The participants performed 180 trials (12 blocks of 15 trials) for three sequential movement tasks. The error of movement patterns performance was calculated in all stages. In the acquisition stage, the 2 (contextual interference) × 2 (sequence similarity) × 11 (acquisition blocks) ANOVA with repeated measures of the last factor, and for the retention stage, the 2 (contextual interference) × 2 (similarity of sequence) × 3 (stages) ANOVA with repeated measures of last factor, and for the transfer and reprogramming stages, the 2 (contextual interference) × 2 (sequence similarity) ANOVA were used at P=0.05 level of significance.Results: The results showed that in the acquisition phase, the blocked-high similarity group performed better, and the interactive effect of the group and sequence similarity was not significant in the retention and transfer stages. In the reprogramming phase, the random-high similarity group was better.Conclusion: According to the elaboration hypothesis, random practice increases the strength of memory representation and forms deeper processing in memory.
Ali Fathizadeh; Mehdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.Methods: Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.Methods: Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms of performance level. In the beginning, participants' ability and past experiments in motor imagery were assessed. Then, they took part in a quasi-experimental design of one of three strategic imagery, movement imagery, or control groups. Each person immediately after combatting with an opponent performed the required action depending on the group and finally competed against the same previous opponent, again.Results: The results showed that karatekas had excellent imagery ability, especially in preserving the temporal characteristics of the movement, and at the past competitions, specifically before their matches, they had used both cognitive-general and cognitive-specific imagery. Also, the nonparametric analysis demonstrated that in the quasi-experimental design, the strategic imagery group gained a higher point difference during the post-test, however, the movement imagery or control group did not differ significantly.Conclusion: The research findings revealed that strategic imagery has more advantages compared to skill imagery, suggesting that strategies of play can be used between the matches as an effective factor in sports success.
Rifat Al-Hajjaj; Mehdi Sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Seyed Reza Attarzade Hosseini
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iraqi version of the Gross Motor Development Test - Third Edition TGMD-3 in Iraqi children aged 5 to 9 years. The second aim of this study was to compare the development of gross motor skills of Iranian and Iraqi children. The ...
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The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iraqi version of the Gross Motor Development Test - Third Edition TGMD-3 in Iraqi children aged 5 to 9 years. The second aim of this study was to compare the development of gross motor skills of Iranian and Iraqi children. The participants were selected from 400 people by cluster sampling method from Iraq and were evaluated using TGMD-3 test. Finally, 30 Iraqis in the age group of 8-9 years were randomly selected and compared with a similar group of 30 Iranian children. Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, factor analysis and t-test were used to analyze the data. Internal consistency reliability coefficients for locomotor, ball skills and total scores were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.87; test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.89, 0.90 and 0.91; inter-rater reliability coefficients were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.88; intera-rater coefficients were 0.66, 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Also, there was no significant difference between the performance of Iranian and Iraqi children in the subtests of locomotor and ball skills and the total score of gross motor skills (P <0.05). Due to the confirmation of validity and reliability, this test can be used with confidence to evaluate the development of gross motor skills. The results obtained are limited to the Iraqi boy community of 5 to 9 years, and additional studies are needed in the future for use in the girl community and other age groups.
Hamideh Jahanbakhsh; Mehdi Sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Ezzat Khodashenas
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected balance training program under dual and single-task conditions on working memory of children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test- follow-up design with a control ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected balance training program under dual and single-task conditions on working memory of children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test- follow-up design with a control group. In this study, 39 boys with DCD were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups: Dual-task training (n=13), single-task training (n=13), and control (n=13). The two experimental groups performed a selected training program with two different conditions for 8 weeks. All subjects were evaluated in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up test (two months after post-test) by the Corsi block-tapping test (working memory test). Data analysis using ANOVA with the repeated measure as well as one-way ANCOVA showed that in the post-test, working memory in dual-task group was superior to both single and control groups (P <0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed from pre-test to post-test in all experimental groups except the single task group in the extended block index and the control group. In the follow-up test, this superior was maintained only in the overall score index and the overall effort. Also, the single-task group was superior to the control group in the post-test (P <0.05). Due to the importance of executive function, using this selected exercise program to improve working memory can be a useful tool and is suggested for this group of children.
Hanieh Ghasemian Moghadam; Mahdi Sohrabi; Hamidreza Taheri
Abstract
Balance is one of the basic important principles of learning in children, and its disorder can negatively affect learning.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected motor games on balance in children with specific learning disorder. This study was semi-experimental and application ...
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Balance is one of the basic important principles of learning in children, and its disorder can negatively affect learning.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected motor games on balance in children with specific learning disorder. This study was semi-experimental and application in terms of aims with pretest-posttest and a control group. 24 boys (7-9 years old) with specific learning disorder in Mashhad city were selected and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed selected motor games for 20 sessions, 30 minutes each sessions, 5 sessions per week. During this period, the control group performed its routine activities. Changes in the static balance of the subjects were measured by the Stork balance test and Sharpened Romberg test and dynamic balance of the subjects were measured by the heel-to-toe walk test and timed up-and-go test before and after the intervention. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Findings showed that selected motor games improved the static and dynamic balance of the experimental group. All these changes were significant in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that selected motor games help to improve static and dynamic balance in children with specific learning disorder.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mehdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki; Mohamad Ali Besharat
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of impulsivity on learning of skills in open and closed environments. Participations were forty-eight male with 10 to 12 years old that signed in low impulsivity, med impulsivity, high impulsivity and control groups (combined ...
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The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of impulsivity on learning of skills in open and closed environments. Participations were forty-eight male with 10 to 12 years old that signed in low impulsivity, med impulsivity, high impulsivity and control groups (combined group) in accordance to the distribution of impulsivity scores. Before and after basketball skills training program, Harrison’s basketball shooting test was used to evaluation of performance and learning of skills in open and closed environments during pre-test, post-test, retention and transfer test. The results showed a significantly differences between groups for attentional functions (p=0.0001). The results of post-test and retention showed advanced performance in open environment with the increased levels of impulsivity (p=0.003). While about closed environment, progressive performance was aligned with Low levels of impulsivity groups (F=0.001). But in the transfer tests, differences between the groups were not significant (F=0.09), that was performed under the competitive goal condition. It is possible that impulsivity has a facilitator and an attenuator role in learning of various sportive skills, perhaps in open and closed environments.
Mohsen Afrouzeh; Mehdi Sohrabi; AliReza Saberi Kakhki; Sobhan Sobhani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of equipment modification on acquisition and retention of basketball free throw skill in children aged between 9 and 10 with an emphasis on working memory capacity. 40malestudents were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of modified and ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of equipment modification on acquisition and retention of basketball free throw skill in children aged between 9 and 10 with an emphasis on working memory capacity. 40malestudents were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of modified and standard equipment with high and low working memory capacity based on the Memory for Digit Span assessment by Wechsler. Mini-basketball rules were used as a reference. The acquisition phase included 10 sessions, 4blocks each session and 15 attempts each block. Free throw basketball test (AAHPERD) was conducted as the pretest and acquisition and retention tests were conducted after a week. In the acquisition phase, 2x2x2 multivariate analysis of variance (eqipement×working memory×test) with repeated measures showed that interactive effect between working memory (high and low) and test (pretest and posttest) on performance was significant. Also, interactive effect between equipment (standard and modified) and test (pretest and posttest) on performance was significant while the interactive effect of working memory, equipment and test on performance was not significant. In retention phase, 2x2 multivariate analysis of variance (eqipement×working memory) showed that the main and interactive effect of working memory and equipment on performance was significant. The results showed that the effect of equipment employment in working memory levels on performance was similar in both pretest and posttest and also it seems that the effect of the modified equipment on performance in retention test was better in children with low working memory than children with high working memory.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mahdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhaki; Mohammad Ali Besharat
Abstract
Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity ...
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Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity levels participated in a basketball skills training course along with a control group (the subjects were randomly selected). To evaluate their performance,AAHPERD and Hann basketball pass tests were used in thepretest, posttest, retentionandtransfer phases. The results of covariance and analysis of variance in posttest (P=0.0001) andretention test (P=0.011) inAAHPERD basketball pass showed a significant advantagein this test along with increased motor impulsivity levels.However,better performance were along with decreased impulsivity levelsinHann pass task. The observed differences among the groups were not statistically significantin the transfer phase(P=0.112). It can be concluded that different levels of motor impulsivity is one of the main factors affecting sport skills learningwith regard to the speed-oriented and accuracy-oriented skills.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mohamad Ali Besharat; Mehdi Sohrabi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate impulsiveness features of soccer players in different positions according to the mastery orientation approach. For this purpose, 40 soccer players in Iran first division league with mean age of 28.65±3.9 years in different positions participated in this ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate impulsiveness features of soccer players in different positions according to the mastery orientation approach. For this purpose, 40 soccer players in Iran first division league with mean age of 28.65±3.9 years in different positions participated in this study. To measure impulsiveness features, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that goalkeepers and defenders achieved higher scores in cognitive and motor variables of impulsiveness factors and in misdiagnosis of continuous performance test items than the middle players and offenders (F(9,82)=3.126, P=0.001, Wilks Lambda 0.228, partial η2=0.389). Based on these results, it can be stated that impulsiveness is one of the main explanatory factors of players' tendency towards different soccer positions along with other relevant variables.
Majid Akbari Yazdi; Mehdi Sohrabi; Amir Moghadam
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
Attention is one of the effective factors when learning and performing motor skills. Focus of attention is a method to increase the efficiency and learning. Previous studies have shown that focus of attention plays an important role in learning and performing motor skills. The purpose of the present ...
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Attention is one of the effective factors when learning and performing motor skills. Focus of attention is a method to increase the efficiency and learning. Previous studies have shown that focus of attention plays an important role in learning and performing motor skills. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of the instruction of far and near external focus of attention on dynamic balance task performance. In this study, sixty male undergraduate students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, who had taken the general physical education course in the second semester of 1388-89, were assigned randomly in three groups: far external attention group (attention to those signs far from the feet), near external attention group (attention to those signs near the feet) and control group (no attentional instruction). The stabilometer (Biodex) was used to collect the data. Each participant performed three 20-second trials in dynamic balance test. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics such as one-way ANOVA and Duncan post hoc test. The results showed that far external attention group performed significantly better than control group while near external attention group did not reveal any significant difference compared to the control group.
