نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 . استادیار، گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدة تربیت ‌بدنی ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 . دکتری تخصصی، گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدة تربیت ‌بدنی ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 . کارشناسی ارشد، گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدة تربیت ‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

4 . دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدة تربیت ‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

5 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه آسیب‌شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکدۀ تربیت ‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در تحقیقات زیادی تأثیرکانون توجه و چشم ساکن بر عملکرد حرکتی بررسی شده است، با ‌وجود این تأثیر این دو در شدت‌های مختلف بار تکلیف مبهم است؛ بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر دستورالعمل‌های توجه درونی و بیرونی بر چشم ساکن و دقت پرتاب دارت در دو شدت تکلیف ثانویه بود. شرکت‌کنندگان 20 فرد مبتدی در پرتاب دارت بودند که به روش در دسترس انتخاب شدند و در چهار شرایط تکالیف دوگانه شامل توجه درونی- بدون برآورد تن صدا، توجه بیرونی- بدون برآورد تن صدا، توجه درونی- با برآورد تن صدا و توجه بیرونی- با برآورد تن صدا به‌صورت کانتربالانس مهارت پرتاب دارت را انجام دادند که به‌طور همزمان اطلاعات خیرگی آنها نیز به‌وسیلۀ دستگاه ردیاب بینایی دوچشمی ثبت شد. نتایج دقت نشان داد که شرکت‌کنندگان در شرایط توجه بیرونی نسبت به توجه درونی و در شرایط شدت بار تکلیف ثانویۀ پایین نسبت به بالا خطای شعاعی کمتری داشتند. همچنین نتایج چشم ساکن نشان داد تنها اثر اصلی تکلیف ثانویه معنا‌دار بود که شرکت‌کنندگان در شرایط بار تکلیف ثانویه بالا نسبت به پایین مدت ‌زمان چشم ساکن بیشتری داشتند. این نتایج اهمیت کانون توجه بیرونی را در شرایط بار تکلیف ثانویۀ بالا و پایین برای عملکرد پرتاب دارت برجسته و تحقیقات آینده را به‌منظور بررسی عمیق‌تر نقش تأثیرات چشم ساکن و کانون توجه در عملکرد پرتاب دارت جهت‌دهی می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Intensity of Secondary Task and Attentional Focus Instructions on Gaze Behavior and Accuracy of Dart-Throwing

نویسندگان [English]

  • Davood Homanian 1
  • Ayoub Asadi 2
  • Mehdi Takhtaei 3
  • Zahra Jahanbani 4
  • Mojtaba Rahmani 5

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 MSc, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

4 MSc Student, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

5 MSc Student, Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Numerous studies have examined the effects of focus of attention and quiet eye on motor performance, however the effects of these two variables in different load of task are ambiguous. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the internal and external focus of attention instructions on quiet eye and accuracy of dart-throwing in two intensity of the secondary task. participants were 20 novice persons in dart-throwing that selected by convenience sampling; and in four dual-task conditions of internal attention-without tone estimation, external attention-without tone estimation, internal attention-with tone estimation, and external attention-with tone estimation performed dart throwing in counterbalance form that at the same time their gaze data recorded by binoculars eye tracking system. The result of accuracy showed that participants in external rather than internal attention condition and low- intensity rather than high-intensity condition had less radial error. The result of quiet eye showed that only the main effect of the secondary task was significant that participants in high-intensity of the secondary task rather low had more quiet eye duration. These results highlight the importance of external focus of attention in low and high secondary task load conditions for dart-throwing performance and direct the future research to explore more deeply the role of the quiet eye and attentional focus effects in dart-throwing performance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Attention
  • Dual-task
  • Gaze behavior
  • Targeting
  • Task load
1.   Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013;6(1):77–104.
2.   Vickers JN. The quiet eye: Origins, controversies, and future directions. Kinesiol Rev. 2016;5(2):119–28.
3.   Magill R. Motor learning and control. McGraw-Hill Publishing; 2010.
4.   Lohse KR, Sherwood DE, Healy AF. How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Hum Mov Sci. 2010;29(4):542–55.
5.   Zachry T, Wulf G, Mercer J, Bezodis N. Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain Res Bull. 2005;67(4):304–9.
6.   Bell JJ, Hardy J. Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(2):163–77.
7.   Radlo SJ, Steinberg GM, Singer RN, Barba DA, Melnikov A. The influence of an attentional focus strategy on alpha brain wave activity, heart rate and dart-throwing performance. Int J Sport Psychol. 2002;
8.   Perkins-Ceccato N, Passmore SR, Lee TD. Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers’ skill. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(8):593–600.
9.   Wulf G, McNevin N, Shea CH. The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. Q J Exp Psychol Sect A. 2001;54(4):1143–54.
10. Asadi A, Abdoli B, Farsi A, Saemi E. The effect of various attentional focus instructions on novice javelin throwing skill performance. Med Sport. 2015;68(1):99–107.
11. Russell R, Porter J, Campbell O. An external skill focus is necessary to enhance performance. J Mot Learn Dev. 2014;2(2):37–46.
12. Baker J, Farrow D. Routledge handbook of sport expertise. Routledge; 2015.
13. Wade N, Tatler BW. The moving tablet of the eye: The origins of modern eye movement research. Oxford University Press, USA; 2005.
14. Vickers JN. Visual control when aiming at a far target. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1996;22(2):342.
15. Moore LJ, Vine SJ, Cooke A, Ring C, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety: The roles of response programming and external attention. Psychophysiology. 2012;49(7):1005–15.
16. Vine SJ, Moore LJ, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training: The acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(sup1):S235–42.
17. Rienhoff R, Fischer L, Strauss B, Baker J, Schorer J. Focus of attention influences quiet-eye behavior: An exploratory investigation of different skill levels in female basketball players. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2015;4(1):62.
18. Klostermann A. Finale fixationen, sportmotorische leistung und eine Inhibitionshypothese. Sportwissenschaft. 2014;44(1):49–59.
19. Querfurth S, Schücker L, de Lussanet MHE, Zentgraf K. An internal focus leads to longer quiet eye durations in novice dart players. Front Psychol. 2016;7:633.
20. Klostermann A, Kredel R, Hossner E-J. The “quiet eye” and motor performance: Task demands matter! J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2013;39(5):1270.
21. Wulf G, Töllner T, Shea CH. Attentional focus effects as a function of task difficulty. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2007;78(3):257–64.
22. SHAHABI R. Designing and developing a Comprehensive Scale of Cognitive and Psychomotor Abilities for Children. 2016;
23. ROSTAMI R, BESHARAT MALI, KARIMI M, FARAHANI H. The effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the brain function of obese individuals. 2016;
24. Sherwood DE, Lohse K, Healy A. Cognitive Load and Dual-Task Performance in Dart-Throwing. J Mot Learn Dev. 2017;1–29.
25. Asadi A, Farsi A, Abdoli B, Saemi E, Porter JM. Directing Attention Externally and Self-Controlled Practice Have Similar Effects on Motor Skill Performance. J Mot Learn Dev. 2019;7(1):141–51.
26. Beilock SL, Carr TH, MacMahon C, Starkes JL. When paying attention becomes counterproductive: impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2002;8(1):6.
27. Temprado JJ, Zanone PG, Monno A, Laurent M. A dynamical framework to understand performance trade-offs and interference in dual tasks. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2001;27(6):1303.
28. Gray R. Attending to the execution of a complex sensorimotor skill: Expertise differences, choking, and slumps. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2004;10(1):42.
29. Smith MD, Chamberlin CJ. Effect of adding cognitively demanding tasks on soccer skill performance. Percept Mot Skills. 1992;75(3):955–61.
30. Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein C, Wulf G, Zelaznik HN. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Human kinetics; 2018.
31. Klostermann A, Kredel R, Hossner E-J. On the interaction of attentional focus and gaze: the quiet eye inhibits focus-related performance decrements. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2014;36(4):392–400.
32. Williams AM, Singer RN, Frehlich SG. Quiet eye duration, expertise, and task complexity in near and far aiming tasks. J Mot Behav. 2002;34(2):197–207.
33. Vickers JN, Williams AM. Performing under pressure: The effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety, and gaze control in biathlon. J Mot Behav. 2007;39(5):381–94.
34. Haywood KM, Getchell N. Life span motor development. Human kinetics; 2019.
35. Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2019.