Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Abdalrahman Khezry; Elahe Arab Ameri; Rasoul Hammayattalab
Abstract
Aging is a crucial period in human life and it is a social necessity to pay attention to the issues and needs of this stage of life. The aim of the current study was to study the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on reaction time and response time of the active and inactive elderly. The research method ...
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Aging is a crucial period in human life and it is a social necessity to pay attention to the issues and needs of this stage of life. The aim of the current study was to study the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on reaction time and response time of the active and inactive elderly. The research method was causal-comparative and its statistical population consisted of the elderly from Mahabad city and 60 subjects were voluntarily selected and assigned to two active and inactive groups. After determining the levels of BMI, subjects of each group were divided into three levels of low, medium and high BMI and their reaction time and response time were measured. The results of t test showed that the reaction time (P=0.000) and response time (P=0.000) of the active group were significantly shorter than the inactive group. On the other hand, the results of one-way ANOVA test (to compare the reaction time between active (P=0.623) and inactive (P=0.115) elderly at different levels of BMI) showed no significant difference. For the response time, the results of one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference among active elderly (P=0.576), but there was a statistically significant difference among the inactive elderly (P=0.000). Tukey post hoc test showed that in the inactive group, those subjects with low BMI had significantly shorter response time than the subjects with medium (P=0.001) and high (P=0.000) levels of BMI. The difference between the subjects with medium and high BMI levels (P=0.669) was not significant. The results of this study showed that those individuals with low level of BMI had shorter response time than those with higher level of BMI. Overall, BMI is an effective factor for theelderly's response time and the elderly should desirably maintain their BMI by sufficient physical activity.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Morteza Homayonnia; Alireza Homayoni; Mahmoud Sheikh; Saeid Nazari
Abstract
Researchers use resiliency for people who do not show undesirable consequences in terrible and unsafe conditions. Resiliency is often referred to constructive and positive compatibility in order to deal with problems. As athletes cannot cope with their defeats most of the time, they should study ...
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Researchers use resiliency for people who do not show undesirable consequences in terrible and unsafe conditions. Resiliency is often referred to constructive and positive compatibility in order to deal with problems. As athletes cannot cope with their defeats most of the time, they should study this issue and its interaction and acquisition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and the resiliency in Iranian premier league wrestlers. For this purpose, 80 Iranian premier league wrestlers participated in this study. They were asked to fill out the Persian version of Schutte self–report EI test (SSREIT) and Connor and Davidson resiliency (CD–RISC 2) questionnaire. Mean age of all athletes was 23.8 with standard deviation of 2.85. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the overall scores of EI and resiliency (P<0.01). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between the subscales of EI and resiliency (P<0.01). Simultaneous regression analysis results showed that the subscale of perception and expression of emotions had a significant contribution towards explaining and predicting resiliency (P<0.01). Emotion regulation subscale significantly predicted resiliency (P<0.01). Overall, it can be concluded that EI is an effective factor in predicting and improving resiliency of the Iranian premier league athletes and wrestlers and it can increase resiliency of athletes.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Aioob Sabaghi; Naser Behpoor; Ali Heirani
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effect of the type of feedback and practice on the acquisition of parameter index. For this purpose, 8 groups (each 12 subjects) were formed: constant practice group with self–controlled feedback, constant practice group with yoked feedback (yoked group), blocked ...
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This study aimed at investigating the effect of the type of feedback and practice on the acquisition of parameter index. For this purpose, 8 groups (each 12 subjects) were formed: constant practice group with self–controlled feedback, constant practice group with yoked feedback (yoked group), blocked practice group with self–controlled feedback, blocked practice group with yoked feedback, random practice group with self–controlled feedback, random practice group with yoked feedback, serial practice group with self–controlled feedback and serial practice group with yoked feedback. The subjects threw towards a circle drawn on the ground with closed eyes from a 3m distance with the score range from 10 to 100 (failing to throw in the circle meant no score). The data were analyzed using mixed factorial analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance (P<0.05). In the retention test, the self–controlled feedback prioritized the yoked feedback (P<0.05); however, the effect of practice type was not observed (P>0.05), that is, there was no difference between practice in contextual interference condition and practice in constant condition. The results observed in the transfer test were contrary to those observed in retention test, that is, the effect of feedback type was not observed (P>0.05). The results also showed that the children did not reach the final stage of self-regulation (i.e. generalization) while the effect of practice type was observed (P<0.05) and the practice groups in contextual interference condition were superior. Also, there was no statistically significant difference among practice groups in contextual interference condition (i.e. blocked, serial and random practice groups) in all acquisition stages. Overall, this study showed the beneficial effect of self–controlled feedback in the retention test and practice in contextual interference condition in the transfer test in children. As there was no difference among practice groups in contextual interference condition, the present results confirmed Magill and Hall's (1990) second hypothesis, because the effect of contextual interference was not observed in a similar motor program.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Hamideh Iranmanesh; Hesam Iranmanesh; Alireza Saberi Kakhaki; Reza Iranmanesh
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the perception of the peer motivational climate, stress and the weekly training with burnout in junior elite athletes of Kerman province. The statistical population consisted of 120 male elite athletes from Kerman province from individual ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the perception of the peer motivational climate, stress and the weekly training with burnout in junior elite athletes of Kerman province. The statistical population consisted of 120 male elite athletes from Kerman province from individual and team sports (table tennis, karate, taekwondo, badminton, cycling, handball, volleyball, basketball, football) who continuously trained at Kerman championship gym in 1391 with the age range of 15–19 years and at least 4 years of experience of participating in a sport field with medals in Iran championships. 92 athletes were randomly selected using Cochran formula. To collect data, peer motivational climate questionnaire (Ntoumanis and Vazou, 2005), athletes' burnout questionnaire (Raedeke and Smith, 2001) and perceived stress scale (Cohen et al., 1983) were used. Finally, personal demographic forms were used to determine the weekly training hours, acquired positions, the duration of activity, age and sport field. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, scatter plot and independent t test were used. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between all peer motivational climate components (except for intra-team conflict) and all burnout components (P<0.05). There was a positive relationship between intra-team conflict and burnout but this relationship was not significant (P≥0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between perceived stress and all burnout components (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between weekly training hours and burnout and its components (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in burnout, perception of peer motivational climate, stress and weekly training hours between individual and team sports (P≥0.05). Finally, the statistical results for prediction of burnout showed that 47.7% of burnout could be explained by the perception of peer motivational climate, stress and weekly training. In addition, stress was the dominant predictor of burnout. The results showed that paying attention to the role of peers and controlling stress during burnout process can guarantee to decrease this phenomenon in junior elite athletes and can improve their performance and stability in sport.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Fatemeh Gharaei; Elahe Arabameri; Davood Huminiyan
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor and music enrichment of environment on the development of fine and gross motor movements in infants. 32 healthy infants (5 to 8 months old) participated in this study and were divided homogenously into four groups (each group 8 subjects): ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor and music enrichment of environment on the development of fine and gross motor movements in infants. 32 healthy infants (5 to 8 months old) participated in this study and were divided homogenously into four groups (each group 8 subjects): three experimental groups and one control group. Experimental groups had 36 training sessions, 60 minutes per session in their specific enriched environments. Infants in group A were assigned to a perceptual-motor and music enriched environment, infants in group B to a perceptual-motor enriched environment and infants in group C to a music enriched environment. Peabody motor development scale (second edition) was used to evaluate fine and gross motor skills. Data were analyzed using the variables of age equivalent of this scale. The obtained data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed a significant difference in mean age equivalent scores in gross motor movements (P=0.001) and in fine motor movements (P=0.001) between experimental and control groups. These findings showed that perceptual-motor and music experience had a positive effect on motor development generally and on age equivalents of fine and grossmotor movements specifically. In other words, environmental condition and experience were positive factors in fundamental and basic motor skill development in infants who participated in the three experimental groups.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Daryoush Khajavi; Zahra Parsa
Abstract
Activities of daily life are basic components of life which reflect an important aspect of functional independence in the elderly. The aim of this study was to develop an up to date and culturally appropriate scale to assess activities of daily lives of the Iranian elderly. Research method was descriptive-analytic ...
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Activities of daily life are basic components of life which reflect an important aspect of functional independence in the elderly. The aim of this study was to develop an up to date and culturally appropriate scale to assess activities of daily lives of the Iranian elderly. Research method was descriptive-analytic and the statistical population consisted of elderly men and women (over 60 years old) residing in Arak and Shazand cities in 1391. The sample consisted of two groups including 297 subjects (exploratory factor analysis) and 280 subjects (confirmatory factor analysis) who voluntarily participated in the study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and principle component analysis with varimax rotation were used for data analysis. All statistical operations were performed with SPSS-16 and LISREL software. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 5 subscales including gross activities (9 items), personal activities (7 items), religious and social activities (8 items), fine activities (4 items), and machine washing (2 items). Confirmatory factor analysis findings confirmed these results as well. These five factors explained 75.90% of total variance (first factor 50.38%, second factor 11.06%, third factor 6.30%, forth factor 4.675%, and fifth factor 3.485%). This instrument was named "the Elderly's Activities of Daily Life Scale (Iran-ADLS)". The scale was filled out twice by 30 subjects (50% women) with 1 to 2 weeks of interval and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.76 to 0.97 for 1 to 5 subscales and 0.97 for the total score of the scale, indicating a good to excellent test-retest reliability. Also, internal reliability was calculated with Chronbach's alpha (0.96) indicating an excellent internal reliability for this scale. Totally, these results confirmed that "the Elderly's Activities of Daily Life Scale" was a valid and reliable instrument to measure the elderly's ability and disability.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Mohamad Hossein Zamani; Mahdi Zarghami; Sedigheh Heidarinezhad
Abstract
Feedback is one of the most important variables that affects the performance of motor learning and the way of implementing skills and has an important role in motor control and motor skill acquisition. This study aimed at evaluating the acquisition and retention of new skills in children with autism ...
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Feedback is one of the most important variables that affects the performance of motor learning and the way of implementing skills and has an important role in motor control and motor skill acquisition. This study aimed at evaluating the acquisition and retention of new skills in children with autism in augmented feedbacks with various frequencies. Study method was semi-experimental and study design was pretest–posttest. The retention test was carried out with three feedback groups (0%, 50% and 100%). The study population consisted of 6-8-year-old male children with autism in Ahvaz city. 21 subjects were selected through available and purposive sampling method as the sample of the study and were randomly divided into three groups. The subjects' task was to throw a tennis ball over their shoulders towards a target drawn on the ground. In the acquisition phase, subjects threw 60 tennis balls. Group 0% did not receive any feedback, group 50% received feedback in half of their efforts and group 100% received feedback in all their efforts. 24 hours after the acquisition phase, retention test was performed in 10 trials. After checking the data normality and variance equality, data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. The results showed a significant difference in the acquisition and retention stages among the three groups (P=0.001). Group 100% outperformed both in the acquisition and retention phases. It is generally suggested that in the skill learning process, children with autism benefit from augmented feedback with high frequency.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Karim Biglar; Amirhosein Barati; Daryoush Soodi; Farshid Tahmasbi
Abstract
Profile of mood states tests show that the players who are injured are affected psychologically as well. In cases of severer injuries, loss of mental health and tendency to depression are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sport injuries on profile of mood states of Tehran ...
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Profile of mood states tests show that the players who are injured are affected psychologically as well. In cases of severer injuries, loss of mental health and tendency to depression are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sport injuries on profile of mood states of Tehran Persepolis team soccer players. For this purpose, 54 players from Tehran Persepolis team (adults and youth) participated in this study. Research data were collected by the team physician with POMS questionnaire before and after the players' injuries. The descriptive statistics and dependent t test at a significance level of 95% were used for data analysis. Results indicated that all players experienced at least one injury during one season (2012- 2013). The findings also indicated that their profile of mood states was similar to Morgan' profile before their injury while this profile was reverse after their injury. There was a significant difference in players' profile of mood states before and after the injury (P=0.0001). Findings indicated that the mean of players' POMS changed after the injury. Also, their tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion increased while their vigor decreased.
