Sara Soori; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Rasoul Hemayat talab
Abstract
Introduction: In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating ...
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Introduction: In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating motor and cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative patients.Methods: For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats including Healthy Control, Parkinson’s Control, and Parkinson’s Training. The animals in the training group were placed on a treadmill for four weeks. At the end of the course, motor disorders (balance and motor behavior) were evaluated using Rotarod and Open-Field tests, and biochemical factors were assessed by ELISA method. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of P<0.05, via SPSS version 19 software.Results: The results showed that although the Parkinson's group without training was significantly lower in terms of motor performance than the other groups (P<0.05), four weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training increased the balance (P<0.05), and improved the motor disorders in Parkinson's rats (P<0.05). Also, training significantly increased the amount of serotonin (P<0.05), and tyrosine hydroxylase (P<0.05).Conclusion: In general, the findings of this study showed that moderate-intensity aerobic training can reduce the biochemical and motor disorders induced by 6-hydroxydopamine injections in rats’ models of Parkinson's disease.
Peyman Honarmand; Mohammad Khabiri; Rasool Hemayattalab; Hassan Gharayagh zandi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and metamotivation dominance in academic elite athletes based on reversal theory. 124 athletes who were the members of university sport teams participated in this study by convenience sampling method. In this study, Telic ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and metamotivation dominance in academic elite athletes based on reversal theory. 124 athletes who were the members of university sport teams participated in this study by convenience sampling method. In this study, Telic Dominance Scale was used to measure and determine metamotivation dominance and the Persian version of coping strategies questionnaire was utilized to assess athletes’ coping strategies. The results of K-S test showed that the data distribution was not normal; so data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient and U Mann-Whitney test. The results of correlation test showed a negative and significant relationship between activity orientation coping strategies and Telic dominance and a positive and significant relationship between emotion orientation strategies and Telic dominance. Also, the results of U Mann-Whitney test showed that those with Telic used more emotion orientation strategies while those with Paratelic used more activity orientation strategies. Consequently, it is recommended that coaches should identify athletes’ metamotivation dominance to use appropriate coping strategies.
Milad Esmaeili; Rasoul Hemayat talab; Kambiz Kamkari
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate validity and reliability of Persian version of Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6). This study was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population consisted of all students of University of Tehran and 241 students (132 men and 109 women, age range 18-30 ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate validity and reliability of Persian version of Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6). This study was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population consisted of all students of University of Tehran and 241 students (132 men and 109 women, age range 18-30 years) completed the scale. Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6) was used in this study which included 6 subscales and 24 items with 7-Likert scale. Test-retest method was applied in order to calculate the stability and Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the internal consistency. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to establish construct validity and Pearson correlation test was applied to determine concurrent validity. The data analysis showed that Persian version of Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6) had acceptable validity and reliability and can be used to evaluate sport motivation construct.
Fatemeh Mirakhori; Elahe Arabameri; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Rasool Hemayattalab
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children.Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional ...
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus instructions on spatial memory in children.Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups (internal, external, control). Participants in the internal focus group were asked to focus their attention on the movements of their hand, whereas participants in the external focus group were asked to focus their attention to the movement path and target. Control group participants received no focus instructions. Acquisition phase lasted five consecutive days. The instrument used for measuring spatial memory was linear movement apparatus (LM-01 model). Analysis of Covariance and Bonferoni tests were used at p
Ali Azhari; Rasoul Hemayat Talab; Mahmoud Skeikh; Elahe Arab Ameri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social-comparative feedback on acquisition and consolidation of a perceptual-motor skill in high school male students. In this study, 36 high school students as the sample were randomly assigned to three groups (each group 12 subjects): positive, negative ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social-comparative feedback on acquisition and consolidation of a perceptual-motor skill in high school male students. In this study, 36 high school students as the sample were randomly assigned to three groups (each group 12 subjects): positive, negative and veridical social-comparative feedback. Pretest scores were recorded. Acquisition phase lasted five days and each subjects daily performed 10 blocks of 3 trials of badminton long serve. After each block, they received the feedback of their mean scores in the form of positive (higher than the actual score), negative (lower than the actual score) and veridical (the actual score) given the group to which they belonged. After 72 hours of detraining, consolidation test was performed under the same conditions as the pretest. After determining the data normality and homogeneity of variances, ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data at the significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that training improved the performance of groups in the acquisition phase. But there was no significant difference in the performance of the groups. The consolidation of positive feedback group was significantly better than the other groups. These findings suggest that positive social-comparative feedback affects the consolidation of a perceptual-motor skill such as targeted badminton long serve skill.
Meysam Biyabani; Rasool Hemayat talab; Fazlollah Bagher zadeh; Elaheh Arab ameri
Abstract
Attitude plays an important role in success and is one of the aspects thataffect students’ learning. The aim of the present study was to investigate thevalidity and reliability of Persian version of Student’s Attitude TowardPhysical Education Scale (SATPES). This study was descriptive-correlationand ...
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Attitude plays an important role in success and is one of the aspects thataffect students’ learning. The aim of the present study was to investigate thevalidity and reliability of Persian version of Student’s Attitude TowardPhysical Education Scale (SATPES). This study was descriptive-correlationand the statistical population consisted of all 12-14-year-old students of 1stgrade of middle schools in Tehran city. Student’s Attitude Toward PhysicalEducation Scale (SATPES) was used in this study and Subramaniam andSilverman (2000) had validated it. It included two subscales and 20 itemswith 5-point Likert responses and 415 questionnaires of this scale werecompleted by students. Test-retest method was applied in order to calculatethe temporal reliability and Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine internalconsistency. To determine construct validity, confirmatory and exploratoryfactor analyses were applied. The results showed that Persian version ofSATPES supported two dimensional approach of attitude in enjoyment andbenefit with 20 items; thus validity (fit indexes were above the acceptablelevel of 0.9) and reliability (above the acceptable level of 0.7) of the scalewere confirmed. In conclusion, Persian version of Student’s Attitude TowardPhysical Education Scale is recommended to measure students’ attitude
Saeed Nazari; Rasool Hemayattalab; Mahmood Sheikh; Morteza Homayounnia
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effect of blocked, incremental systematic and random contextual interferences on acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball skills based on changes in a generalized motor program. In fact, this study was conducted to answer this question that whether regular ...
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This study aimed at investigating the effect of blocked, incremental systematic and random contextual interferences on acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball skills based on changes in a generalized motor program. In fact, this study was conducted to answer this question that whether regular increment of contextual interference level is more effective on learning volleyball service skill than blocked or random practice schedules. 30 students (mean age 23±4 yr, 3 groups and each 10 subjects) participated in this study. The groups were different in practices of the three services. Subjects performed simple, overhead and single arm skills from a distance (9 m from the volleyball net) with different practices. Each participant practiced 108 trials of each service, totally 324 trials during 9 sessions (each session 36 trials). The results indicated that incremental practice resulted in a better performance in retention and transfer tests than blocked and random practices (P˂0.05). In general, it was suggested that the practice should be scheduled so that it can start from low interference and gradually and systematically continues towards high interference in order to facilitate learning of several generalized motor skills.
Ahmad Nikravan; Rasool Hemayat talab; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of weight and force is one of the most important factors to organize and perform reaction time (RT) tasks. The elderly are involved in this variable when they gain weight. The present study was designed to examine the effect of limb weight gain on premotor and motor components of ...
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Abstract
The effect of weight and force is one of the most important factors to organize and perform reaction time (RT) tasks. The elderly are involved in this variable when they gain weight. The present study was designed to examine the effect of limb weight gain on premotor and motor components of simple and discriminative reaction time in young and elderly men. Subjects (16 young and 16 elderly) were asked to perform forearm flexion in response to auditory (simple and discriminative) stimuli. The weight of the involved limb increased (1.2 kg) in 50% of trials and reaction time and muscle tension were measured by electromyogram apparatus in all trials. The results showed that the main effects of all three factors of limb weight gain, increasing number of stimuli and age on premotor component were significant. The effect of the increased number of stimuli from simple to discriminative was not significant in the motor component (P=0.77). However, the interactive effects between limb weight gain and age was significant (P=0.002). These results suggested that those variables that cause variation in limb inertia and generally motor components not only involve motor component but also influence a part of premotor processes simultaneously.
Morteza Pourazar; Rasool Hemayattalab; Elahe Arabameri
Abstract
Cerebral palsy is a term commonly used for conditions characterized by motor dysfunction due to non-progressive brain damage in early life. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of self-control and experimental-control feedback frequencies on the acquisition, retention and transfer of a throwing ...
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Cerebral palsy is a term commonly used for conditions characterized by motor dysfunction due to non-progressive brain damage in early life. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of self-control and experimental-control feedback frequencies on the acquisition, retention and transfer of a throwing task in children with spastic cerebral palsy. From 1750 students with cerebral palsy in Tehran special schools, 30 children (7-12 years old) with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy (SHCP) were selected by a convenience sampling method. A pretest consisting of 10 trials was performed to homogenize the participants. Participants were randomly divided into three self-control groups (with 25%, 50% and 75% feedback frequencies) and three experimental-control groups (with 25%, 50% and 75% feedback frequencies) in acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. In the acquisition phase, subjects completed 10 blocks of 8 trials (total of 80 trials). Retention and transfer phases were conducted 24 hours after the acquisition phase. These phases consisted of 10 trials without feedback, except that the subjects performed the transfer phase from 4m distance (vs. 3m distance in acquisition and retention phases). One-way ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the groups receiving the same frequencies (self-control and experimental-control groups) in the acquisition phase while self-control group outperformed in retention and transfer phases. Furthermore, participants who received higher feedback frequencies (self-control or experimental-control group) outperformed those in lower feedback frequencies in all acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. Thus, while the advantages of self-control feedback against experimental-control feedback were observed in the same feedback frequencies, it seems that children use feedbacks in a manner different from adults during motor learning. Thus children may require higher feedback frequencies than adults in order to optimize their motor learning.
Saeed Kosari; Fatemeh Keyhani; Rasoul Hemayat talab; Elahe Arabameri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected physical activity
program on the development of motor skills in children with attention deficit /
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high functioning autism (HFA). In this semiexperimental
research, 20 children (8.8+0.7 years old) with ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected physical activity
program on the development of motor skills in children with attention deficit /
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high functioning autism (HFA). In this semiexperimental
research, 20 children (8.8+0.7 years old) with HFA and 10 children
(7.9+1.4 years old) with ADHD based on pretest scores were randomly selected.
Bruininks – Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOTMP) for children with ADHD
and test of gross motor developmental – 2 for children with HFA were used.
Selected motor program (SPARK motor program) which included motor
strengthening activities, games and sports for children was performed 18 sessions
for ADHD children and 12 sessions for HFA children. K-S test to determine the
normality of data distribution and statistical t tests, Levene test and covariate
analysis were used to compare the means. The results showed the selected program
made significant changes in most variables in ADHD and HFA children in
experiment group but not in control group. According to the results of this
research, it is suggested that the selected physical activity program (SPARK) can
improve motor skills in children with ADHD and HFA.
Maliheh Naeimikia; Elahe Arab Ameri; Hassan Ashayeri; Rasool Hammayat Talab; Kamran Azma
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 137-153
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of external focus of attention instruction during walking training on old women’s gait kinematic parameters including stride length, velocity, variability of velocity, cadence and double support percent. For this purpose, 16 old women (mean age 69.8+4 ...
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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of external focus of attention instruction during walking training on old women’s gait kinematic parameters including stride length, velocity, variability of velocity, cadence and double support percent. For this purpose, 16 old women (mean age 69.8+4 years) were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (each group 8 subjects). Pretest, posttest, control group design was used in this study. The experimental group preformed an easy secondary task including rehearsing random strings of digits during walking on a certain pathway; they had to verbally recall these strings at the end of the pathway. The control group performed the same procedure without the secondary task. The groups trained for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Paired t test was used to compare the difference in the mean scores before (pretest) and after (posttest) intervention in each group. Independent t test was also used to evaluate the differences in means between experimental and control groups. The results showed no significant differences between pretest and posttest mean scores of stride length, velocity, variability of velocity, cadence and double support percent in control group (P>0.05), but the differences between pretest and posttest mean scores of stride length, velocity, variability of velocity for experimental group were significant (P
Rasoul Hemayattalab; Javad Afshari; Ahmad Nikravan; Ramin Baloochi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 75-89
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body mass index on fundamental motor skills performance in 7-8-year-old boys in Hamedan. Forthis purpose, 72 elementary students were selected via cluster randomization from the elementary schools of Hamedan and divided into three groups: fat, ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body mass index on fundamental motor skills performance in 7-8-year-old boys in Hamedan. Forthis purpose, 72 elementary students were selected via cluster randomization from the elementary schools of Hamedan and divided into three groups: fat, normal, and thin according to percentile diagram. Then, TGMD-2 was performed by children and data were analyzed via K-S, Leven test and ANOVA. The results indicated a significant difference in hop, broad jump and over arm throw and no difference in run and catch subscales. The post hoc test indicated that the normal group performed hop, broad jump and over arm throw better than fat group. In addition, thin group performed broad jump and over arm throw better than fat group. Presumably, the inverse relationship between high body mass index basic motor skills relate to mechanical and recognition factors, components of movement, moving body mass, component coordination and motion range.
Gholamhosein Nazemzadegan; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh; Rasoul Hemayattalab; Alireza Farsi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 133-149
Abstract
In this study, the effect of cognitive load (CL) training on duration and accuracy of bimanual coordination (BC) task was investigated. For this purpose, athletic male students of Shiraz University were randomly divided into 4 groups: G1 with low CL, G2 with intermediate CL, G3 with high CL and G4 control. ...
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In this study, the effect of cognitive load (CL) training on duration and accuracy of bimanual coordination (BC) task was investigated. For this purpose, athletic male students of Shiraz University were randomly divided into 4 groups: G1 with low CL, G2 with intermediate CL, G3 with high CL and G4 control. The subjects practiced for 6 weeks, 3 sessions a week, 6 blocks, 12 trials. The subjects performed bimanual coordination task by Vienna test system (v=71%-84% and r=85%-96%). Independent T test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results showed that high CL affected the accuracy of bimanual coordination task. No significant difference was observed between CL groups and control group in overall duration (?=0.05). It can be concluded that if there is high CL in activities which require much attention, attention capacity may change and in skills that need attention, the task can be improved after information processing as a result of capacity change.
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ahmad Nikravan; Ahmad Jafari
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2009, , Pages 5-19
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect pf weight-bearing exercise and calcium supplement invention programs on femur bone mineral density in children. For this purpose, 32 subjects were selected voluntarily from Rahe Zafar kindergarten. These children had the intervention program for ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect pf weight-bearing exercise and calcium supplement invention programs on femur bone mineral density in children. For this purpose, 32 subjects were selected voluntarily from Rahe Zafar kindergarten. These children had the intervention program for 5 months. Calcium consumption questionnaire and density evaluation apparatus (DEXA) were used to collect the data. One-way ANOVA and dependent t-test were used to analyze the data. The mean difference between pre and post test was significant in all groups (weight-bearing exercise and calcium consumption t=4.919, sig=0.002; weight-bearing exercise t=6.232, sig=0.00; calcium consumption t=7.86, sig=0.00; and control t=5.499, sig=0.002). Totally, the comparison of BMD scores in groups showed a significant difference in mean scores of all groups (F=3.981, sig=0.019.) Tukey test showed a significant mean difference between 1 and 2 groups with control group. These results emphasized that childhood and adolescence play a crucial role in forming bones. They also emphasized this theory about bones that: “Bones respond to receiving loads by enhancing minerals”.
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ahmad Reza Movahedi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 27-41
Abstract
The Purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of mental and physical practices on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill in mentally retarded male students. Subjects were 40 guidance students who were healthy and novice in basketball penalty shot. They were selected ...
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The Purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of mental and physical practices on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill in mentally retarded male students. Subjects were 40 guidance students who were healthy and novice in basketball penalty shot. They were selected randomly and were assigned to 5 homogeneous groups (4 as experimental and 1 as control) based on their pretest scores, IQ and their ability in mental imagery. They exercised for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired T test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. It was observed that all four variations of practice improved their performance, yet the mental practice followed by physical practice group outperformed the other groups. The results suggest that mental practice followed by physical practice results in an outstanding performance in mentally retarded adolescents.
Rasoul Hemayat talab; Ali Moradi; Mohammad Reza Boroumand; Ruqiya Fakhrpour
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 5-22
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare block, random and randomized block training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serves. For this purpose, 34 students of Shomal university were selected randomly and after primary rules of volleyball were explained and instructed and pretest ...
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The purpose of this research was to compare block, random and randomized block training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serves. For this purpose, 34 students of Shomal university were selected randomly and after primary rules of volleyball were explained and instructed and pretest was performed, they were divided into 3 groups (block, random and randomized block training). The subjects participated in 15 practice sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions each week). After the training sessions, posttests including acquisition test (exactly at the end of the last session), retention and transfer tests (after one week) were performed. Kolmogorov – Smirnov (K-S) test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the acquisition stage, the block group significantly had better performance than the others. But in the retention test, there was no significant difference among groups. Meanwhile, the randomized-block group had significantly better performance in the transfer test.
Farnaz Torabi; Mahmud Sheikh; Elahe Arabameri; Rasoul Hemattalab; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 65-82
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. Subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. Subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n=12) and control (n=12). Protocol of acquisition phase included basketball free throw for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 15 trails each session with the presence of motivational factors in separate groups. Score of free throw test was recorded per session. Then, posttest was carried out and finally after 2 weeks of detraining, retention test was performed in the same condition for all groups. Transfer test in a new condition (different from training condition) was performed 24 hours later. Heart rate index was used to asses the level of arousal of subjects at rest and during training. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA test, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Results showed that all groups improved in the acquisition phase and there was no significant difference in free throw scores among the three groups in the acquisition test (P=0.145). But in the retention test, music group achieved highest scores and in transfer test, music and audience groups were significantly higher than the control group (P=0.000).
