Motor Development and Learning
Farzane Barmaki; mehdi sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
The purpose this study was determining the effect of the selected movement program on reading comprehension and reading of seven to nine-year-old, dyslexic students. The target population included all seven- to nine-year-old dyslexic students of Ferdows. Participants assigned to three groups of selected ...
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The purpose this study was determining the effect of the selected movement program on reading comprehension and reading of seven to nine-year-old, dyslexic students. The target population included all seven- to nine-year-old dyslexic students of Ferdows. Participants assigned to three groups of selected exercises, experimental and control. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Intervention applied in selected and experimental groups. The participants were evaluated in two phases before and after the training period. While two training groups were intervened based on their defined program; The control group didn’t do any training. The selected training program used based on the Blight approach(learn attention, balance and coordination) was designed and done in four weeks. In order to collect data related to reading disorders, the participants were asked to take a test one day before starting the exercises. Then the experimental groups participated in the selected movement training program for4weeks(12sessions) and the control group did not follow the targeted training program. each training session was approximately70minutes, which included 10 minutes of warm-up, 50minutes of stationary exercises (attention, balance and coordination practicing) and10minutes of cool-down. Descriptive statistics(mean and standard deviation) and due to the normality of data distribution, parametric tests and inferential statistics of one-way and multivariate covariance analysis used in this study. The results showed that the participants of the selected training group based on the Blight approach performed better than others in both task. The results confirm the selected exercises based on the Blight approach.
Motor Development and Learning
seyedehakhtar hesari; hamid reza tahery torbaty; Alireza Sabery Kakhki
Abstract
Introduction: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a course of targeted exercises based on a difficulty index on the balance of the elderly.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 75 elderly ...
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Introduction: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a course of targeted exercises based on a difficulty index on the balance of the elderly.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 75 elderly women in Mashhad, aged 65 to 75 years, were selected through voluntary participation and placed in five groups: standard-target distance, standard-variable distance, standard-target distance, variable-target distance, variable-target distance, and control. In the pre-test phase, participants stood on the Biodex balance board. The intervention phase was conducted for six weeks, with three sessions per week, in which participants performed 10 blocks of 10 attempts with two minutes of rest between blocks according to the available instructions. After completing the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted in which participants stood on the Biodex balance board as in the pre-test phase. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance.
Results: The results indicated that the standard-target-standard distance, standard-target-variable distance, variable-target-standard distance, and variable-target-variable distance interventions had a significant effect on improving the balance of elderly women (P<0.05). Other results also indicated the superiority of the standard-target-standard distance effect compared to the effect of other interventions in improving the balance of elderly women (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it was determined that equilibrium would be facilitated by keeping the difficulty index constant, as this occurred in the test results of the group with the same difficulty index.
Motor Development and Learning
leila ghandehari alavijeh; hamidreza taheri torbati; alireza saberi kakhki
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a selected virtual reality exercise program emphasizing environmental enrichment on continuous performance and brain waves in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test with a control group. The sample consisted ...
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This study investigated the effects of a selected virtual reality exercise program emphasizing environmental enrichment on continuous performance and brain waves in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test with a control group. The sample consisted of 30 patients with moderate Parkinson's disease (aged 55-65) referred to outpatient rehabilitation centers in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to three ten-person groups (control, traditional exercise, virtual reality exercise). The tools used included virtual reality equipment, EEG for recording brain waves (delta, theta, alpha, beta, sensorimotor rhythm), and the Vienna Test System for assessing continuous performance. The training protocol consisted of 1-hour sessions over three weeks (twice weekly). The control group received no exercise, the traditional exercise group performed physical exercises, and the virtual reality group performed game-based exercises. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed significant differences between the three groups in continuous performance variables (omission errors and commission errors) and brain waves (p<0.05). Post hoc Bonferroni tests confirmed significant differences between the groups. Both the traditional and virtual reality training groups demonstrated significant differences in continuous performance and brainwave changes compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that both virtual reality and traditional exercises significantly improve continuous performance and brain waves in Parkinson's disease patients. Based on these findings, it is recommended that virtual reality technology be used as a novel and effective tool in designing rehabilitation programs for Parkinson's disease patients.
Narges Abdoli; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Hamid Reza Taheri Torbati; Majid Ghoshuni
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have reported inconsistencies regarding changes in brain waves during the learning process. Since the underlying cognitive-motor and neural-motor mechanisms of skill performance require further investigation, the present study aimed to compare Mu rhythm power in expert ...
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Introduction: Previous studies have reported inconsistencies regarding changes in brain waves during the learning process. Since the underlying cognitive-motor and neural-motor mechanisms of skill performance require further investigation, the present study aimed to compare Mu rhythm power in expert and novice golfers.Methods: This study included 15 novice university students with no prior golf experience in the novice group and 15 experienced golfers in the expert group. Participants' brain waves were recorded during 20 practice trials of the golf putting skill. Data were processed using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with a 2×3 design (group × area) was employed for data analysis.Results: The MANOVA results revealed a significant difference in Mu rhythm power (8–13 Hz) across three central brain areas (C3, Cz, C4) between novice and expert golfers (P≤0.05). Specifically, the expert group exhibited higher mean Mu rhythm power than the novice group.Conclusion: The findings suggest that brain function in expert and novice golfers differs in the sensory and motor cortices. Functional changes in the brain during the learning of the golf putting skill may underlie the superior motor control and performance observed in experts. These results emphasize the importance of understanding learning processes to enhance daily motor control and specialized skill performance. The study contributes to the understanding of neurocognitive and neural-motor mechanisms of skill performance, offering insights for professionals in motor skill training and rehabilitation.
Ali Fathizadeh; Mehdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.Methods: Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.Methods: Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms of performance level. In the beginning, participants' ability and past experiments in motor imagery were assessed. Then, they took part in a quasi-experimental design of one of three strategic imagery, movement imagery, or control groups. Each person immediately after combatting with an opponent performed the required action depending on the group and finally competed against the same previous opponent, again.Results: The results showed that karatekas had excellent imagery ability, especially in preserving the temporal characteristics of the movement, and at the past competitions, specifically before their matches, they had used both cognitive-general and cognitive-specific imagery. Also, the nonparametric analysis demonstrated that in the quasi-experimental design, the strategic imagery group gained a higher point difference during the post-test, however, the movement imagery or control group did not differ significantly.Conclusion: The research findings revealed that strategic imagery has more advantages compared to skill imagery, suggesting that strategies of play can be used between the matches as an effective factor in sports success.
Mohammad Hossein Zamani; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Majid Ghoshoni
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the learning of throwing skills in autism children. The research method was semi-experimental with repeated design and retention test. The statistical sample of this study was 33 children of 10 years old who were selected available ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the learning of throwing skills in autism children. The research method was semi-experimental with repeated design and retention test. The statistical sample of this study was 33 children of 10 years old who were selected available and were divided into three groups randomly: larger circle perceptions, smaller circle perceptions and control group. The tool used in this study was the Ebbinghaus illusion displayed on the ground and the beanbags for throwing from down to shoulder to goal. At first, the participants performed ten trials at the pre-test phase. Then, in the acquisition phase, 20 blocks completed 10 trials. 48 hours after the last session of the acquisition, a retention test was performed in 10 trials of the participant. To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance analysis with repeated measures, one way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up were used. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the groups both in the acquisition phase and in the retention phase between the groups, which this difference was in favor of the larger circle's perception group. Overall, the results of this study showed that a simple perceptual manipulation can increase motor learning in children with autism. Therefore, it is suggested to educators and sports practitioners to use this variable to improve their performance and improve their training sessions.
Rifat Al-Hajjaj; Mehdi Sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Seyed Reza Attarzade Hosseini
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iraqi version of the Gross Motor Development Test - Third Edition TGMD-3 in Iraqi children aged 5 to 9 years. The second aim of this study was to compare the development of gross motor skills of Iranian and Iraqi children. The ...
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The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iraqi version of the Gross Motor Development Test - Third Edition TGMD-3 in Iraqi children aged 5 to 9 years. The second aim of this study was to compare the development of gross motor skills of Iranian and Iraqi children. The participants were selected from 400 people by cluster sampling method from Iraq and were evaluated using TGMD-3 test. Finally, 30 Iraqis in the age group of 8-9 years were randomly selected and compared with a similar group of 30 Iranian children. Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, factor analysis and t-test were used to analyze the data. Internal consistency reliability coefficients for locomotor, ball skills and total scores were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.87; test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.89, 0.90 and 0.91; inter-rater reliability coefficients were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.88; intera-rater coefficients were 0.66, 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Also, there was no significant difference between the performance of Iranian and Iraqi children in the subtests of locomotor and ball skills and the total score of gross motor skills (P <0.05). Due to the confirmation of validity and reliability, this test can be used with confidence to evaluate the development of gross motor skills. The results obtained are limited to the Iraqi boy community of 5 to 9 years, and additional studies are needed in the future for use in the girl community and other age groups.
Hamideh Jahanbakhsh; Mehdi Sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Ezzat Khodashenas
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected balance training program under dual and single-task conditions on working memory of children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test- follow-up design with a control ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected balance training program under dual and single-task conditions on working memory of children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test- follow-up design with a control group. In this study, 39 boys with DCD were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups: Dual-task training (n=13), single-task training (n=13), and control (n=13). The two experimental groups performed a selected training program with two different conditions for 8 weeks. All subjects were evaluated in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up test (two months after post-test) by the Corsi block-tapping test (working memory test). Data analysis using ANOVA with the repeated measure as well as one-way ANCOVA showed that in the post-test, working memory in dual-task group was superior to both single and control groups (P <0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed from pre-test to post-test in all experimental groups except the single task group in the extended block index and the control group. In the follow-up test, this superior was maintained only in the overall score index and the overall effort. Also, the single-task group was superior to the control group in the post-test (P <0.05). Due to the importance of executive function, using this selected exercise program to improve working memory can be a useful tool and is suggested for this group of children.
Saeed Nazari Kakavandi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Hassan Rohbanfard
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the errorless, errorful and random practice schedules on the acquisition and learning of relative timing in a motor task. 51 male students (age: 22±4 years old) were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (control, errorful, errorless, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the errorless, errorful and random practice schedules on the acquisition and learning of relative timing in a motor task. 51 male students (age: 22±4 years old) were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (control, errorful, errorless, and random). This study was carried out in five phases: pretest (PRT), acquisition (ACQ), 10-min retention and transfer and 24-hour retention and transfer. In the acquisition phase, a timing task with three different difficulty levels (simple, moderate, and difficult) was practiced in three sessions of 45 trials with feedback by experimental groups. In order to analyze the data, a mixed-design analysis of variance model with repeated measures on each variable was used in the acquisition and retention phases. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in the other phases. The findings of relative timing showed no significant differences among the groups in the pretest (P˃0.05). Additionally, in retention and transfer tests, errorless group had better performance than errorful, random and control groups (P≤0.05). Errorless group performed better than the random and errorful groups in 24-hour transfer test of the secondary task (P≤0.05). These results showed that practice in errorless conditions leads to a better learning of the task and its generalization to new conditions that are consistent with the implicit learning and reinvestment theories
Mohammad Hossein Zamani; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Alireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the learning of a targeting motor skill in children. The research method was semi-experimental with repeated measurement design and retention test. The statistical sample consisted of 36 children (10 years old) who were selected ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion on the learning of a targeting motor skill in children. The research method was semi-experimental with repeated measurement design and retention test. The statistical sample consisted of 36 children (10 years old) who were selected by convenience sampling method. They were divided into 3 groups: larger circle perception, smaller circle perception and control after the goal size had been estimated. The Ebbinghaus illusion displayed on the ground and the tennis ball to throw from top of the shoulder towards goal were used in this study. Firstly, the participants performed 10 trials at the pretest stage. Then, they performed six 10-trial blocks in the acquisition phase. 48 hours after the last acquisition session, a retention test was performed in 10 trials. To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used. The results showed a significant difference among the groups both in the acquisition and retention phases and this difference was in favor of the smaller circle perception group. In general, the results of this study indicated the beneficial effect of visual illusion on learning a sport skill. Therefore, coaches and sport authorities are suggested to use this variable to improve performances and training sessions
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mehdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhki; Mohamad Ali Besharat
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of impulsivity on learning of skills in open and closed environments. Participations were forty-eight male with 10 to 12 years old that signed in low impulsivity, med impulsivity, high impulsivity and control groups (combined ...
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The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of impulsivity on learning of skills in open and closed environments. Participations were forty-eight male with 10 to 12 years old that signed in low impulsivity, med impulsivity, high impulsivity and control groups (combined group) in accordance to the distribution of impulsivity scores. Before and after basketball skills training program, Harrison’s basketball shooting test was used to evaluation of performance and learning of skills in open and closed environments during pre-test, post-test, retention and transfer test. The results showed a significantly differences between groups for attentional functions (p=0.0001). The results of post-test and retention showed advanced performance in open environment with the increased levels of impulsivity (p=0.003). While about closed environment, progressive performance was aligned with Low levels of impulsivity groups (F=0.001). But in the transfer tests, differences between the groups were not significant (F=0.09), that was performed under the competitive goal condition. It is possible that impulsivity has a facilitator and an attenuator role in learning of various sportive skills, perhaps in open and closed environments.
Mohsen Afrouzeh; Mehdi Sohrabi; AliReza Saberi Kakhki; Sobhan Sobhani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of equipment modification on acquisition and retention of basketball free throw skill in children aged between 9 and 10 with an emphasis on working memory capacity. 40malestudents were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of modified and ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of equipment modification on acquisition and retention of basketball free throw skill in children aged between 9 and 10 with an emphasis on working memory capacity. 40malestudents were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of modified and standard equipment with high and low working memory capacity based on the Memory for Digit Span assessment by Wechsler. Mini-basketball rules were used as a reference. The acquisition phase included 10 sessions, 4blocks each session and 15 attempts each block. Free throw basketball test (AAHPERD) was conducted as the pretest and acquisition and retention tests were conducted after a week. In the acquisition phase, 2x2x2 multivariate analysis of variance (eqipement×working memory×test) with repeated measures showed that interactive effect between working memory (high and low) and test (pretest and posttest) on performance was significant. Also, interactive effect between equipment (standard and modified) and test (pretest and posttest) on performance was significant while the interactive effect of working memory, equipment and test on performance was not significant. In retention phase, 2x2 multivariate analysis of variance (eqipement×working memory) showed that the main and interactive effect of working memory and equipment on performance was significant. The results showed that the effect of equipment employment in working memory levels on performance was similar in both pretest and posttest and also it seems that the effect of the modified equipment on performance in retention test was better in children with low working memory than children with high working memory.
Mohamad Hosein Ghahramani; Mahdi Sohrabi; Alireza Saberi Kakhaki; Mohammad Ali Besharat
Abstract
Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity ...
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Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity levels participated in a basketball skills training course along with a control group (the subjects were randomly selected). To evaluate their performance,AAHPERD and Hann basketball pass tests were used in thepretest, posttest, retentionandtransfer phases. The results of covariance and analysis of variance in posttest (P=0.0001) andretention test (P=0.011) inAAHPERD basketball pass showed a significant advantagein this test along with increased motor impulsivity levels.However,better performance were along with decreased impulsivity levelsinHann pass task. The observed differences among the groups were not statistically significantin the transfer phase(P=0.112). It can be concluded that different levels of motor impulsivity is one of the main factors affecting sport skills learningwith regard to the speed-oriented and accuracy-oriented skills.
Hamideh Iranmanesh; Hesam Iranmanesh; Alireza Saberi Kakhaki; Reza Iranmanesh
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the perception of the peer motivational climate, stress and the weekly training with burnout in junior elite athletes of Kerman province. The statistical population consisted of 120 male elite athletes from Kerman province from individual ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the perception of the peer motivational climate, stress and the weekly training with burnout in junior elite athletes of Kerman province. The statistical population consisted of 120 male elite athletes from Kerman province from individual and team sports (table tennis, karate, taekwondo, badminton, cycling, handball, volleyball, basketball, football) who continuously trained at Kerman championship gym in 1391 with the age range of 15–19 years and at least 4 years of experience of participating in a sport field with medals in Iran championships. 92 athletes were randomly selected using Cochran formula. To collect data, peer motivational climate questionnaire (Ntoumanis and Vazou, 2005), athletes' burnout questionnaire (Raedeke and Smith, 2001) and perceived stress scale (Cohen et al., 1983) were used. Finally, personal demographic forms were used to determine the weekly training hours, acquired positions, the duration of activity, age and sport field. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, scatter plot and independent t test were used. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between all peer motivational climate components (except for intra-team conflict) and all burnout components (P<0.05). There was a positive relationship between intra-team conflict and burnout but this relationship was not significant (P≥0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between perceived stress and all burnout components (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between weekly training hours and burnout and its components (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in burnout, perception of peer motivational climate, stress and weekly training hours between individual and team sports (P≥0.05). Finally, the statistical results for prediction of burnout showed that 47.7% of burnout could be explained by the perception of peer motivational climate, stress and weekly training. In addition, stress was the dominant predictor of burnout. The results showed that paying attention to the role of peers and controlling stress during burnout process can guarantee to decrease this phenomenon in junior elite athletes and can improve their performance and stability in sport.
Alireza Saberi; Hosien Samadi; Alireza Farsi; Korosh Ghahraman; Hamid Sedaghat
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 91-114
Abstract
This research was performed to monitor the effects of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and timing parameter in a serial task. For this purpose, 80 participants (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily participated in this research and then they were divided randomly ...
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This research was performed to monitor the effects of different practice schedules on learning and transfer of generalized motor program and timing parameter in a serial task. For this purpose, 80 participants (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily participated in this research and then they were divided randomly into 4 groups: blocked, random, blocked-random and random-blocked. This test included performance of serial tasks with different generalized motor programs (spatial dimension variance) and variable timing parameter. The participants accomplished 108 trials (pretest) and participated in retention and transfer tests. After these tests, the amount of relative timing error (measure of consistency and proficiency of generalized motor program) and absolute timing error (measure of accuracy and proficiency of parameterization) was calculated. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference (P?0.05) among practice schedules in the acquisition phase, but in transfer and retention phases, despite the relative priority of combined practice groups, there was no significant difference among the groups.
