نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسارشد رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان
2 استاد گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدۀ تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
3 استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزش، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان
چکیده
هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر بررسی و مطالعۀ تأثیر تمرینات با توپ سوئیسی بر بهبود کارکرد حسی- حرکتی سه پسر مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم بود. در این پژوهش از روش مورد منفرد استفاده شد. سه شرکتکنندۀ دچار اختلالات طیف اوتیسم تمرینات توپ سوئیسی را به مدت نه هفته انجام دادند. تغییر در نمرههای خردهآزمون حیطۀ حسی- حرکتی از طریق آزمون عصب روانشناختی نپسی در طول مداخله و دو هفته پس از پایان مداخله در توالیهای یکهفتهای اندازهگیری شد و در پایان پس از دو ماه دوباره از شرکتکنندگان آزمون گرفته شد. مداخلۀ مورد نظر در مورد هر سه شرکتکننده اثربخش بود (با PND 100% برای شرکتکنندۀ اول و 78/77 درصد برای شرکتکنندههای دوم و سوم) و این کاهش دو هفته پس از مداخله پایدار ماند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد تمرینات با توپ سوئیسی موجب بهبود چشمگیر کارکرد حسی- حرکتی پسران مبتلا به اوتیسم میشود.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Effect of Swiss Ball Training on the Improvement of Sensorimotor Function of Three Boys with Autism: A Case Study
نویسندگان [English]
- Zahra Mollakarimi 1
- Ahmadreza Movahedi 2
- Sayyed Mohammad Marandi 3
- Fatemeh Bahrami 1
1 MSc of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan
2 Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan
چکیده [English]
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Swiss ball training on the improvement of sensorimotor function in three boys with autism. In the present study, a single-subject method was used. Three autistic participants were required to exercise with Swiss ball for 9 weeks. Changes in the scores of the sensorimotor function subtest were measured by NEPSY neuropsychological test during the intervention and two weeks after the intervention in one-week intervals. The subjects took the test again after two months. The results showed that the intervention considerably improved sensorimotor function of the three participants (PND=100% for the first participant and 77.78% for the second and the third participants). This reduction was found to be maintained two weeks after the intervention. These findings showed that Swiss ball training considerably improved sensorimotor function in boys with autism.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- autism
- Children
- sensorimotor function
- swiss ball
- Training
- آژنگ، ملیحه (1390). مقایسۀ اثر تمرینات اصلاحی متداول و تمرین با فیزیوبال در بهبود کایفوزیس پشتی و ظرفیت حیاتی دانشآموزان دختر، پایاننامۀ کارشناسیارشد تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه اصفهان.
- اشمیت، ریچارد؛ لی، تیموتی (1387). یادگیری و کنترل حرکتی، ترجمۀ رسول حمایتطلب و عبدالله قاسمی، انتشارات علم و حرکت، ج 1، چ اول، ص 67-12.
- بهرامی، فاطمه؛ موحدی، احمدرضا؛ مرندی، محمد؛ عابدی، احمد (1391). «تأثیر تمرین دو تکنیک کاراته بر کاهش رفتارهای قالبی دو پسر در خود فرورفتۀ نهایی، پژوهش مورد منفرد»، فصلنامۀ رشد و یادگیری حرکتی- ورزشی، 10، ص 122-97.
- دانشمندی، حسن؛ قراخانلو، رضا؛ علیزاده، حسین (1372). حرکات اصلاحی و درمانی، جهاد دانشگاهی گیلان، چ اول.
- رشید لمیر، شیما؛ هاشمی جواهری، علیاکبر (1392). اثر هشت هفته تمرین مقاومتی و فیزیوبال بر کمردرد و تعادل زنان سالمند، پایاننامۀ کارشناسیارشد دانشگاه اصفهان.
- سلیمانی درچه، فهیمه؛ شفیعنیا، پروانه؛ ضرغامی، مهدی (1392). تأثیرتمرینباتوپسوئیسیبرکارکردهایاجراییدرکودکاندارایاختلالهماهنگیرشدی، پایاننامۀ کارشناسیارشد دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.
- شریفمرادی، کیوان؛ فرهپور، نادر (1385). «مقایسۀ وضعیت تعادل کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی اسپاستیک قبل و پس از یک برنامۀ ورزشدرمانی»، فصلنامۀ توانبخشی، ش 24، ص 22.
- کاظمی، علیاصغر؛ مهدوینژاد، رضا؛ قاسمی، غلامعلی؛ صادقی، مرتضی (1392). «تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین با توپ فیزیوبال بر اصلاح کیفوز پشتی، تعادل و کیفیت زندگی مردان مبتلا به مصرف مواد مخدر پس از ترک اعتیاد»، مجلۀ پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی، 9، ص 328-237.
- محمدیمؤمن، محسن؛ هاشمی جواهری، علیاکبر (1392). اثر هشت هفته تمرین تعادلی با استفاده از توپ فیزیوبال روی تعادل ایستا و پویای سالمندان، پایاننامۀ کارشناسیارشد دانشگاه اصفهان.
- مهدوی، اعظم (1390). تأثیر هشت هفته تمریندرمانی منتخب با و بدون توپ فیزیوبال بر تعادل، ثبات پوسچرال و کیفیت زندگی زنان مبتلا به پارکینسون، پایاننامۀ کارشناسیارشد دانشگاه اصفهان.
- هی وود، کاترین (1377). رشد و تکامل حرکتی در طول عمر، ترجمۀ مهدی نمازیزاده و محمدعلی اصلانخانی، تهران: سمت، چ نهم، ص 93- 57.
- Allison, D. B., Basile, V. C., & MacDonald, R. B. (1991). Brief report: "Comparative effects of antecedent exercise and Lorazepam on the aggressive behavior of an autistic man". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 89–94.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders"(4th, text revision ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Ashburner, J., Ziviani, J., & Rodger, S. (2008). "Sensory processingand classroom emotional, behavioral, and educational outcomesin children with autism spectrum disorder". American Journal ofOccupational Therapy, 62, 564–573.
- Bar- or, O., Rowland, T. (2004). "Pediatric exercise medicine from physiologic principles to health care application". England: Human Kinetics.
- Baranek, G. T. (2002). "Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 397-422.
- Bass, M. M., Duchowny, C. A., & Llabre, M. M. (2009). "The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261–1267.
- Baumeister, A. A., & MacLean, W. E. (1984). "Deceleration of self-injurious and stereotypies responding by exercise". Applied Research in Mental Retardation,5, 385-393.
- Bettison, S. (1996). "The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, 361–374.
- Brown, M., & Gordon, W. A. (1987). "Impact of impairment onactivity patterns of children". Archives of Physical Medicine andRehabilitation, 68, 828–832.
- Bumin, G., Uyanik, M., Yilmaz, I., Kayihan, H., Topcu, M. (2003). "Hydrotherapy for Rett syndrome". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35, 44– 5.
- Bundy, A. C., & Murray, E. A. (2002). "Sensory Integration: A. Jean Ayre’s Theory Revisited". In A. C. Bundy, E. A. Murray & S. Lane (Eds.), Sensory integration: Theory and practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
- Bundy, A. C., Shia, S., Qi, L., & Miller, L. J. (2007). "How sensoryprocessing dysfunction affects play?"The American Journal ofOccupational Therapy, 61, 201–208.
- Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R., Behen, M., Chakraborty, P., Mangner, T., et al. (1997). "Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentato–thalamo–corticalpathway in autistic boys". Annals of Neurology, 42, 666–669.
- Connolly, B. H, &Montgomery,P. C.(2005). "Therapeutic exercise in developmental disabilities". SLACK.
- Dickie, V. A., Baranek, G. T., Schultz, B.,Watson, L. R., & McComish,C. S. (2009). "Parent reports of sensory experiences of preschool childrenwith and without autism: A qualitative study". American Journalof Occupational Therapy, 63, 172–181.
- Elliott, R. O., Dobbin, A. R., Rose, G. D., & Soper, H. V. (1994). "Vigorous, aerobic exercise versus general motor training activities: "Effects on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 565-576.
- Felmet, Mary Bess. (1998). "The effects of karate training on the levels of attention and impulsivity of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Toledo, United States - Ohio. Retrieved July 31, 2011, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text.(Publication No. AAT 9829263).
- Fragala-Pinkham, M., Haley, S. M., O’Neil, M. E. (2008). "Group aquatic aerobic exercise for children with disabilities". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50, 822–827.
- Gabriels, R. L., Agnew, J. A., Holt, K. D., Shoffner, A., Pan, Z., Ruzzano, S., Clayton, G. H., & Mesibov, G. (2012). "Pilot study measuring the effects of therapeutic horseback riding on school-age children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 578-588.
- Garcı´a-Villamisar, D. A., & Dattilo, J. (2010). "Effects of a leisure programme on quality of life and stress of individuals with ASD". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 611–619.
- Gast, D. L. (2010). "Single Subject Research Methodology in Behavioral Sciences". USA: Routledge
- Gordon, R., Handleman, J. S., & Harris, S. L. (1986). "The effects of contingent versus non-contingent running on the out-of-seat behavior of an autistic boy". Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 8, 37–44.
- Gottlieb, M. I. (1987). "The hyperactive child". In M. Gottlieb & J. E. Williams (Eds.), Textbook of developmental pediatrics (PP. 303-329). New York: Plenum.
- Gyllensten, AL., Hui-Chan, CW., Tsang WW. (2010). "Stability limits, single-leg jump, and body awareness in older Tai Chi practitioner". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 215–220
- Hameury, L., Delavous, P., Teste, B., Leroy, C., Gaboriau, J.-C., & Berthier, A. (2010). E´ quithe´ rapie et autisme. Annales Me´dico-Psychologiques, 168, 655–659.
- Harsha D. W. (1995). "The benefits of physical activity in childhood". American Journal of Medcine Science, 310, 109– 113.
- Hilton, C. L. (2011)."Sensory processing and motor issues in autism spectrum disorders".In J. L. Matson, & P. Sturmey (Eds.), International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 175-193). New York: Springer.
- Kaplan, M., Carmody, D. P., & Gaydos, A. (1996). "Postural orientation modifications in autism in response to ambient lenses". Child Psychiatry and Human Development,27, 81– 91.
- Kazdin, A. E. (1992). "Research design in clinical psychology".Allyn and Bacon.
- Kern, L., Koegel, R. L., Dyer, K., Blew, P. A., & Fenton, L. R. (1982). "The effects of physical exercise on self-stimulation and appropriate responding in autistic children". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 399–419.
- Korkman, M., Kirk, U.,&Kemp, S. (1998). "NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment". San Antonio,TX: The Psychological Corporation.
- Lang, R., Koegel, L. K., Ashbaugh, K., Regester, A., Ence, W., Smith, W. (2010). "Physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 565–576.
- Levinson, L. J., & Reid, G. (1993). "The effects of exercise intensity on the stereotypic behaviors of individuals with autism". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 10, 255-268.
- Lochbaum, M., & Crews, D. (2003). "Viability of cardiorespiratory and muscular strength programs for the adolescent with autism". Complementary Health Practice Review, 8, 225–233.
- Margalit, M. (1981). "Leisure activities of cerebral palsied children".Journal of Psychiatry and Relational Science, 18,209–214.
- McClure, M. K., & Holtz-Yotz, M. (1990). "The effects of sensor stimulatory treatment on an autistic child". American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 1138–1145.
- Meeusen, R, & Meirleir, KD. (1995)."Exercise and brain neurotransmission". SM, 20: 160–188.
- Nacra, S. (2007). "Exercise Ball Therapy for lower back pain relief", in http://www.spine-health.com
- Neman, R., Roos, P., McCann, R. M., Menolascino, F. J., & Heal, L. W. (1974). "Experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning used with mentally retarded children". American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 79, 372–384.
- Nicholson, H., Kehle, T, J., Bray, M. A., & Heest, J. E. (2011)."The effects of antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of children with autism spectrum disorder". Psychology in the Schools, 48, 198–213.
- O’Connor, J., French, R., & Henderson, H. (2000). "Use of physical activity to improve behavior of children with autism-Two for One Benefits". PALESTRA,16, 22-27.
- O’Driscoll, G. A., Depatie, L., HOlahanm, A. L., Savion-Lemieux, T., Barr, R. G., Jolocoeur, C., & Douglas, V. I. (2005). "Excutive function and methylphenidate response in subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Biological psychiatry, 57, 1452-1460.
- Ohlsen, R. L. (1978). "Control of body rocking in the blind through the use of vigorous exercise". Journal of lnstructional Psychology, 5, 19-22.
- Oriel, K. N., George, C. L., Peckus, R., & Semon, A. (2011). "The effects of aerobic exercise on academic engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder". Pediatric Physical Therapy, 23, 187-193.
- Ozonoff, S. (1995). EFs in autism. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), "Learning and cognition in autism" (pp. 199-219). New York: Plenum.
- Pan, C. Y. (2010). "Effects of water exercise swimming program on aquatic skills and social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders,Autism, 14, 9–28.
- Pan, C. Y. (2011). "The efficacy of an aquatic program on physical fitness and aquatic skills in children with and without autism spectrum disorders". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 657–665.
- Pfeiffer, B., Kinnealey, M., Reed, C., & Herzberg, G. (2005). "Sensorymodulation and affective disorders in children and adolescents withAsperger’s disorder". American Journal of Occupational Therapy,59, 335–345.
- Pitetti, K. H., Rendoff, A. D., Grover, T., & Beets, M. W. (2007). "The efficacy of a 9-month treadmill walking program on the exercise capacity and weight reduction for adolescents with severe autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 997–1006.
- Powers, S., Thibadeau, S., & Rose, K. (1992). "Antecedent exercise and its effects on selfstimulation". Behavioral Residential Treatment, 7, 15–22.
- Reid, P. R., Factor, D. C., Freeman, N. L., & Sherman, J. (1988). "The effects of physical exercise on three autistic and developmentally disordered adolescents". Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 22, 47–56.
- Rogers, L., Hemmeter, M. L., & Wolery, M. (2010). "Using a constant time delay procedure to teach foundational swimming skills to children with autism". Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 30, 102–111.
- Rosenthal-Malek, A., & Mitchell, S. (1997). "Brief report: The effects of exercise on the self-stimulatory behaviors and positive responding of adolescents with autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 193–202.
- Schoenecker, B., & Heller, K. E. (2001). "The involvement of dopamine (da) and serotonin (5-ht) in stress-induced stereotypies in bank voles", Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 73, 311–319.
- Sillanpää, M. (1987). "Social adjustment and functioning of chronicallyill and impaired children and adolescents". ActaPaediatricaScandinavica 340, 1–70.
- Staples, K. L., Reid, G., Pushkarenko, K., & Crawford, S. (2011). "Physically active living for individuals with ASD". In J. L. Matson, & P. Sturmey (Eds.), International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 397-412). New York: Springer.
- Volkmar, F. R., & Anderson, G. M. (1989). "Neurochemical perspectives on infantile autism". In G. Dawson (Ed.), Autism: Nature, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 208–224). New York: Guilford Press.
- Watters, R. G., & Watters, W. E. (1980). "Decreasing self-stimulatory behavior with physical exercise in a group of autistic boys". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 379–387.
- Wiggins, L. D., Robins, D. L., Bakeman, R., & Adamson, L. B. (2009)."Brief report: Sensory abnormalities as distinguishing symptoms ofautism spectrum disorders in young children". Journal of Autism andDevelopmental Disorders, 39, 1087–1091.
- Wuang, Y., Wang, C., Huang, H., & Su, C. (2010). "The effectiveness of simulated developmental horse- riding program in children with autism". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 27, 113-126.
- Yilmaz, I., Yanardag, M., Birkan, B. A., &Bumin, G. (2004). "Effects of swimming training on physical fitness and water orientation in autism". Pediatrics International, 46, 624–626.