رشد و یادگیری حرکتی ورزشی

مجله علمی

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اعضای هیات تحریریه

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پرسش‌های متداول

اخبار و اعلانات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

پیوندهای مفید

سیاست های دسترسی آزاد

سیاست کپی رایت

سیاست های مربوط به سرقت ادبی

سیاست های مربوط به آرشیو مقالات

سیاست های مربوط به محرمانه بودن

سیاستهای مالی

داوران

راهنمای عضویت و ثبت داوری در Publons

تأثیر تعدیل تجهیزات ورزشی بر اکتساب و یادداری مهارت حرکتی در کودکان 9 تا 10 ساله با تأکید بر ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، واحد پردیس بین الملل، مشهد

2 استاد، گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استادیار ، گروه رفتارحرکتی در تربیت بدنی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد،مشهد،ایران

4 استادیار گروه فیزیوتراپی، دانشکده علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

 
هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر تعدیل تجهیزات در اکتساب و یادداری مهارت پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال در کودکان 9 تا10 ساله با تأکید بر ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری بود. 40 دانش‌آموز پسر به‌طور تصادفی انتخاب و براساس آزمون حافظۀ فراخنای ارقام وکسلر، به چهار گروه تعدیل تجهیزات و تجهیزات استاندارد، با ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری بالا و پایین تقسیم شدند. از قوانین مینی‌بسکتبال به‌عنوان مرجع استفاده شد. مرحلۀ اکتساب شامل10 جلسه و هر جلسه 4 بلوک و هر بلوک 15 کوشش بود، از آزمون پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال ایفرد به‌عنوان پیش‌آزمون و آزمون اکتساب استفاده شد و پس از یک هفته، آزمون یادداری به‌عمل آمد. در مرحلۀ اکتساب، نتایج تحلیل واریانس سه‌عاملی مرکب 2×2×2 (تجهیزات×حافظۀ کاری×آزمون) با اندازه‌گیری مکرر نشان داد که اثر تعاملی بین حافظۀ کاری (بالا و پایین) و آزمون (پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون) بر عملکرد معنا‌دار است. همچنین اثر تعاملی بین تجهیزات (استاندارد و تعدیل‌شده) و آزمون (پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون) بر عملکرد معنا‌دار است. درحالی‌که اثر تعاملی حافظۀ کاری، تجهیزات و آزمون بر عملکرد معنا‌دار نیست. در مرحلۀ یادداری، نتایج تحلیل واریانس دوعاملی مرکب 2×2 (تجهیزات×حافظۀ کاری) نشان داد که اثر اصلی و تعاملی حافظۀ کاری و تجهیزات بر عملکرد در مرحلۀ یادداری معنا‌دار است. نتایج نشان داد که اثر استفاده از تجهیزات در سطوح حافظۀ کاری بر عملکرد در هر دو مرحلۀ پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون یکسان است. همچنین به‌نظر می‌رسد که اثر تجهیزات تعدیل‌شده بر عملکرد در آزمون یادداری در کودکان با حافظۀ کاری پایین بهتر از کودکان با حافظۀ کاری بالاست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Equipment Modification on Acquisition and Retention of Motor Skill in 9-10-Year-Old Children with an Emphasis on Working Memory Capacity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Afrouzeh 1
  • Mehdi Sohrabi 2
  • AliReza Saberi Kakhki 3
  • Sobhan Sobhani 4

1 Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad-International Campus, Mashhad, Iran

2 Full professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Associate professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

4 Assistant professor, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

چکیده [English]

 
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of equipment modification on acquisition and retention of basketball free throw skill in children aged between 9 and 10 with an emphasis on working memory capacity. 40malestudents were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of modified and standard equipment with high and low working memory capacity based on the Memory for Digit Span assessment by Wechsler. Mini-basketball rules were used as a reference. The acquisition phase included 10 sessions, 4blocks each session and 15 attempts each block. Free throw basketball test (AAHPERD) was conducted as the pretest and acquisition and retention tests were conducted after a week. In the acquisition phase, 2x2x2 multivariate analysis of variance (eqipement×working memory×test) with repeated measures showed that interactive effect between working memory (high and low) and test (pretest and posttest) on performance was significant. Also, interactive effect between equipment (standard and modified) and test (pretest and posttest) on performance was significant while the interactive effect of working memory, equipment and test on performance was not significant. In retention phase, 2x2 multivariate analysis of variance (eqipement×working memory) showed that the main and interactive effect of working memory and equipment on performance was significant. The results showed that the effect of equipment employment in working memory levels on performance was similar in both pretest and posttest and also it seems that the effect of the modified equipment on performance in retention test was better in children with low working memory than children with high working memory.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • acquisition and retention
  • modification of equipment
  • motor skill
  • working memory capacity
مراجع
  1. Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006). "Verbal and visuospatial short‐term and working memory in children: Are they separable?" Child development, 77(6), 1698-1716.
  2. Arias, J. L. (2012). "INFLUENCE OF BALL WEIGHT ON SHOT ACCURACY AND EFFICACY AMONG 9-11-YEAR-OLD MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS". Kinesiology, 44(1).
  3. Arias, J. L., Argudo Iturriaga, F. M., & Alonso, J. I. (2011). "Effect of two different forms of three-point line on game actions on girls’ mini-basketball". South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation.
  4. Berry, D. C., & Broadbent, D. E. (1988). "Interactive tasks and the implicit‐explicit distinction". British journal of Psychology, 79(2), 251-272.
  5. Buszard, T., Farrow, D., Reid, M., & Masters, R. S. "(2014). Scaling sporting equipment for children promotes implicit processes during performance". Consciousness and cognition, 30, 247-255.
  6. Capio, C., Poolton, J., Sit, C., Holmstrom, M., & Masters, R. (2013). "Reducing errors benefits the field‐based learning of a fundamental movement skill in children". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(2), 181-188.
  7. Capio, C. M., Sit, C. H., Abernethy, B., & Masters, R. S. (2012). "The possible benefits of reduced errors in the motor skills acquisition of children". BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 4(1), 1.
  8. Chase, M. A., Ewing, M. E., Lirgg, C. D., & George, T. R. (1994)." The effects of equipment modification on children's self-i and basketball shooting performance". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(2), 159-168.
  9. Chauvel, G., Maquestiaux, F., Hartley, A. A., Joubert, S., Didierjean, A., & Masters, R. S. (2012). "Age effects shrink when motor learning is predominantly supported by nondeclarative, automatic memory processes: Evidence from golf putting". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(1), 25-38.
  10. Davids, K. W., Button, C., & Bennett, S. J. (2008). "Dynamics of skill acquisition: A constraints-led approach": Human Kinetics.
  11. Elliott, B. (1981). "Tennis racquet selection: A factor in early skill development". Australian Journal of Sport Sciences, 1(1), 23-25.
  12. Engle, R. W., Carullo, J. J., & Collins, K. W. (1991)." Individual differences in working memory for comprehension and following directions". The Journal of Educational Research, 84(5), 253-262.
  13. Evans, J. (1980). "Objectivity and game modification: The next step. Australian Journal for Health", Physical Education, and Recreation, 89, 13-17.
  14. Farrow, D., Pyne, D., & Gabbett, T. (2008). "Skill and physiological demands of open and closed training drills in Australian football". International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3(4), 489-499.
  15. Farrow, D., & Reid, M. (2010). "The effect of equipment scaling on the skill acquisition of beginning tennis players". Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(7), 723-732.
  16. Gathercole, S. E., Durling, E., Evans, M., Jeffcock, S., & Stone, S. (2008). "Working memory abilities and children's performance in laboratory analogues of classroom activities". Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(8), 1019-1037.
  17. Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Ambridge, B., & Wearing, H. (2004)." The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age". Developmental psychology, 40(2), 177.
  18. Grawer, R., & Rains, S. T. (1997). "Youth basketball skills and drills:" Coaches Choice Books.
  19. Groth-MarnatG. (2005). "Handbook of psychological assessment". Translated By sharifiP, Nikkoo H. Tehran:Sokhan Published.(Persian).
  20. Hammond, J., & Smith, C. (2006). "Low compression tennis balls and skill development". Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 575-581.
  21. Hanlon, T. W. (2006). "Absolute beginner's guide to coaching youth basketball: "Que Pub.
  22. Hardy, L., Mullen, R., & Jones, G. (1996). "Knowledge and conscious control of motor actions under stress". British Journal of Psychology, 87(4), 621-636.
  23. Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H. (2001). "When it does hurt to try: Adult age differences in the effects of instructions on implicit pattern learning". Psychonomic bulletin & review, 8(4), 798-805.
  24. Isaacs, L., & Karpman, M. (1981). "Factors effecting children’s basketball shooting performance: A log-linear analysis". Carnegie School of Physical Education and Human Movement, 1, 29-32.
  25. Kane, M. J., Brown, L. H., McVay, J. C., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007). "For whom the mind wanders, and when an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life". Psychological science, 18(7), 614-621.
  26. Kirk†, D. (2004). "Framing quality physical education: the elite sport model or Sport Education?" Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 9(2), 185-195.
  27. Lam, W., Maxwell, J., & Masters, R. (2009). "Analogy versus explicit learning of a modified basketball shooting task: Performance and kinematic outcomes." Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(2), 179-191.
  28. Liao, C.-M., & Masters, R. S. (2001). "Analogy learning: A means to implicit motor learning". Journal of sports sciences, 19(5), 307-319.
  29. Liu, W. (2003). "Field dependence-independence and sports with a preponderance of closed or open skill". Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(3), 285.
  30. López, M. I. P. (2005). "Incidencia del cambio de un conjunto de reglas de juego sobre algunas de las variables que determinan el proceso de formación de los jugadores de minibasket (9-11 años)": Editorial de la Universidad de Granada.
  31. Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., Hooper, C. J., & Yarger, R. S. (2005)." The development of nonverbal working memory and executive control processes in adolescents". Child development, 76(3), 697-712.
  32. Masters, R., Poolton, J., & Maxwell, J. (2008). "Stable implicitmotor processes despite aerobic locomotor fatigue". Consciousness and Cognition, 17(1), 335-338.
  33. Masters, R. S. (1992). "Knowledge, knerves and know‐how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure". British journal of psychology, 83(3), 343-358.
  34. Masters, R. S., MacMahon, K., & Pall, H. S. (2004). "Implicit Motor Learning in Parkinson's Disease". Rehabilitation Psychology, 49(1), 79.
  35. Masters, R. S., & Poolton, J. M. (2012). "Advances in implicitmotor learning". Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice, 59.
  36. Maxwell, J., Masters, R., Kerr, E., & Weedon, E. (2001). "The implicit benefit of learning without errors". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 54(4), 1049-1068.
  37. Movahedi, A., Sheikh, M., Bagherzadeh, F., Hemayattalab, R., & Ashayeri, H. (2007)." A practice-specificity-based model of arousal for achieving peak performance". Journal of motor behavior, 39(6), 457-462.
  38. Mullen, R., Hardy, L., & Oldham, A.(2007)"Implicit and explicit control of motor actions: revisiting some early evidence". British Journal of Psychology, 98(1), 141-156.
  39. Orlick, T., & Botterill, C. (1975). "Every kid can win: Taylor Trade Publications".
  40. Orrell, A. J., Eves, F. F., & Masters, R. S. (2006). "Motor learning of a dynamic balancing task after stroke: implicit implications for stroke rehabilitation". Physical Therapy, 86(3), 369-380.
  41. Palao, J. M., Ortega, E., & Olmedilla, A. (2004). "Technical and tactical preferences among basketball players in formative years. Paper presented at the Iberian Congress on Basketball Research"
  42. Piñar, M. I., Cárdenas, D., Conde, J., Alarcón, F., & Torre, E. (2007)." Satisfaction in mini-basketball players. Paper presented at the Iberian Congress on Basketball Research".
  43. Poolton, J., Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2007)." Passing thoughts on the evolutionary stability of implicit motor behaviour: Performance retention under physiological fatigue". Consciousness and Cognition, 16(2), 456-468.
  44. Reber, A. S. (1992a)." The cognitive unconscious: An evolutionary perspective". Consciousness and cognition, 1(2), 93-133.
  45. Reber, A. S. (1992b). "An evolutionary context for the cognitive unconscious". Philosophical Psychology, 5(1), 33-51.
  46. Regimbal, C., Deller, J., & Plimpton, C. (1992)." Basketball size as related to children's preference, rated skill, and scoring". Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75(3), 867-872.
  47. Renshaw, I., Davids, K., & Savelsbergh, G. J. (2010). "Motor learning in practice": A constraints-led approach: Routledge.
  48. Satern, M., Messier, S., & KELLERMCNULTY, S. (1989). "The effect of ball size and basket height on the mechanics of the basketball free throw". Journal of Human Movement Studies, 16(3), 123-137.
  49. Steenbergen, B., van der Kamp, J., Verneau, M., Jongbloed-Pereboom, M., & Masters, R. S. (2010)." Implicit and explicit learning: applications from basic research to sports for individuals with impaired movement dynamics". Disability and rehabilitation, 32(18), 1509-1516.
  50. Thomason, M. E., Race, E., Burrows, B., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2009)."Development of spatial and verbal working memory capacity in the human brain". Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 21(2), 316-332.
  51. Timmerman, E., De Water, J., Kachel, K., Reid, M., Farrow, D., & Savelsbergh, G. (2015)." The effect of equipment scaling on children’s sport performance:" the case for tennis. Journal of sports sciences, 33(10), 1093-1100.
رشد و یادگیری حرکتی ورزشی
دوره 9، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 2
شهریور 1396
صفحه 199-218
فایل ها
سابقه مقاله
  • تاریخ دریافت: 12 مهر 1395
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 01 اسفند 1395
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 08 اسفند 1395
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار