نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 مربی، گروه تربیت بدنی وعلوم ورزشی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه، آذربایجان غربی، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه رفتار حرکتی، باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد ارومیه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

 
کودکان دچار اختلال هماهنگی رشدی (DCD) گاه در اجرا و یادگیری مهارت‌های حرکتی با مشکل مواجه می‌شوند. هدف تحقیق حاضر، بررسی روند اکتساب و یادگیری حرکتی رویه‌ای در کودکان (DCD) است. از بین دانش‌آموزان پسر 12-8 سالۀ شهر تبریز، 12 کودک دچار اختلال هماهنگی رشدی و 12 کودک عادی همتا از نظر هوشی و سن تقویمی، به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. از شکل تعدیل‌یافتۀ تکلیف پیگردی چرخان و متغیرهای زمان باقی ماندن بر هدف، زمان متوالی بر هدف، فاصله از هدف، فاصله از مسیر و فاز نسبی برای ارزیابی یادگیری حرکتی رویه‌ای استفاده شد. شرکت‌کنندگان پس از تمرین در مرحلۀ اکتساب، آزمون یادداری فوری 10 دقیقه و آزمون تحکیم با تأخیر 24 ساعت را انجام دادند. نتایج تحلیل داده‌ها با تحلیل واریانس اندازه‌گیری مکرر نشان داد در مرحلۀ اکتساب بین دو گروه در زمان باقی ماندن بر هدف، فاصله از مسیر و فاز نسبی تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد، ولی در زمان متوالی بر هدف، فاصله از هدف تفاوت معنادار است. در مرحلۀ یادداری در متغیرهای زمان باقی ماندن بر هدف و زمان متوالی بر هدف و فاصله از هدف تفاوت معنادار بود، ولی در فاصله از مسیر و فاز نسبی تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت. به‌طور کلی، یافته‌ها بیانگر آن است که با وجود عملکرد کم کودکان DCD در یادگیری حرکتی رویه‌ای، آنان قادر به کسب الگوهای هماهنگی حرکتی بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Acquisition and Consolidation of Procedural Motor Learning in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hasan Sepehri Bonab 1
  • Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini 2
  • Malek Ahmadi 3

1 Instructor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor in Motor Behaviour, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran

چکیده [English]

 
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) sometimes have difficulties in performing and learning motor skills. The aim of the present study was to investigate procedural motor acquisition and learning in DCD children. 12 children with developmental coordination disorder and 12 normal children with matched IQ and chronological age were selected from 8-12-year-old male students of Tabriz city by purposive sampling method. A modified version of rotary pursuit task and variables of total time on target (TOT), consecutive time on target (CTT), distance from the target (DT), distance from the path (DP) and relative phase were used to assess procedural motor learning. After training in the acquisition phase, subjects participated in the immediate 10-minute retention test and the consolidation test after 24 hours of rest. Analysis of data by analysis of variance with repeated measures showed no significant differences between the two groups in TOT, DP, and relative phase in the acquisition phase, but there were significant differences in CTT and DT. There were significant differences in TOT, CTT, and DT in the retention phase, but there was no significant differences in DP and relative phase. Generally, the results suggested that despite the low performance of their procedural motor learning, DCD children were able to acquire motor coordination patterns.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Developmental Coordination Disorder
  • distance from path
  • distance from target
  • procedural motor learning
  • relative phase
1. صالحی، حمید؛ زارع‌زده، مهشید؛ سالک، بابک (1392). «روایی و پایایی نسخۀ فارسی پرسشنامۀ مشاهدۀ حرکتی برای آموزگاران‌(PMOQ-T) »، مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، 18(3)، ص 219-211.
2. صالحی حمید؛ افسرده بخشایش، رحمان؛ موحدی، احمدرضا؛ قاسمی، وحید (1390). «ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی نسخۀ فارسی سیاهۀ اختلال هماهنگی رشد حرکتی در پسران 11-6ساله»، مجلۀ روان‌شناسی افراد استثنایی، ‌ش 4، ص 161-135.
3. Adams, I. L., Lust, J. M., Wilson, P. H., & Steenbergen, B. (2016). Testing predictive control of movement in children with developmental coordination disorder using converging operations. British Journal of Psychology.
4. Adams, I. L., Lust, J. M., Wilson, P. H., & Steenbergen, B. (2014). Compromised motor control in children with DCD: a deficit in the internal model?—A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 225-244.
5. Cairney, J., Hay, J., Veldhuizen, S., Missiuna, C., & Faught, B. (2009). Comparing probable case identification of developmental coordination disorder using the short form of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Movement ABC. Child: care, health and development, 35(3), 402-408.
6. Cools, W., De Martelaer, K., Samaey, C., & Andries, C. (2009). Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children: A review of seven movement skill assessment tools. Journal of sports science and medicine, 8(2), 154-168.
7. de Castelnau, P., Albaret, J.-M., Chaix, Y., & Zanone, P.-G. (2007). Developmental coordination disorder pertains to a deficit in perceptuo-motor synchronization independent of attentional capacities. Human Movement Science, 26(3), 477-490.
8. de Castro Ferracioli, M., Hiraga, C. Y., & Pellegrini, A. M. (2014). Emergence and stability of interlimb coordination patterns in children with developmental coordination disorder. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(2), 348-356.
9. de Oliveira, R. F., & Wann, J. P. (2010). Integration of dynamic information for visuomotor control in young adults with developmental coordination disorder. Experimental brain research, 205(3), 387-394.
10. Doyon, J., Penhune, V., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2003). Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 252-262.
11. Fuelscher, I., Williams, J., Enticott, P. G., & Hyde, C. (2015). Reduced motor imagery efficiency is associated with online control difficulties in children with probable developmental coordination disorder. Research in developmental disabilities, 45, 239-252.
12. Geuze, R. H. (2007). Developmental coordination disorder: A review of current approaches: Groupe de Boeck.
13. Geuze, R. H. (2003). Static balance and developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 22(4), 527-548.
14. Geuze, R. H., & Geuze, R. (2007). Characteristics of DCD: on problems and prognosis. Developmental coordination disorder: A review of current approaches, 9-25.
15. Gofer-Levi, M., Silberg, T., Brezner, A., & Vakil, E. (2014). Cognitive procedural learning among children and adolescents with or without spastic cerebral palsy: The differential effect of age. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(9), 1952-1962.
16. Hyde, C., & Wilson, P. (2011). Online motor control in children with developmental coordination disorder: chronometric analysis of double‐step reaching performance. Child: care, health and development, 37(1), 111-122.
17. Janacsek, K., Fiser, J., & Nemeth, D. (2012). The best time to acquire new skills: age‐related differences in implicit sequence learning across the human lifespan. Developmental science, 15(4), 496-505.
18. Jarus, & etal. (2015). Effect of internal versus external focus of attention on implicit motor learning in children with developmental coordination disorder. Research in developmental disabilities, 37, 119-126.
19. Kagerer, F., Contreras-Vidal, J., Bo, J., & Clark, J. (2006). Abrupt, but not gradual visuomotor distortion facilitates adaptation in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human movement science, 25(4), 622-633.
20. Kashiwagi, M., Iwaki, S., Narumi, Y., Tamai, H., & Suzuki, S. (2009). Parietal dysfunction in developmental coordination disorder: a functional MRI study. Neuroreport, 20(15), 1319-1324.
21. Knowlton, B., & Moody, T. (2008). Procedural learning in humans. Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference, 3, 321-340.
22. Law, S.-H., Lo, S. K., Chow, S., & Cheing, G. L. (2011). Grip force control is dependent on task constraints in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. International journal of rehabilitation research, 34(2), 93-99.
23. Lejeune, C., Wansard, M., Geurten, M., & Meulemans, T. (2014). Procedural learning, consolidation, and transfer of a new skill in Developmental Coordination Disorder. Child Neuropsychology(ahead-of-print), 1-12.
24. Smits-Engelsman, B., Schoemaker, M., Delabastita, T., Hoskens, J., & Geuze, R. (2015). Diagnostic criteria for DCD: past and future. Human movement science.
25. Sparaci, L., Formica, D., Lasorsa, F. R., Mazzone, L., Valeri, G., & Vicari, S. (2015). Untrivial Pursuit: Measuring Motor Procedures Learning in Children with Autism. Autism Research.
26. Spironello, C., Hay, J., Missiuna, C., Faught, B., & Cairney, J. (2010). Concurrent and construct validation of the short form of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Movement‐ABC when administered under field conditions: implications for screening. Child: care, health and development, 36(4), 499-507.
27. Volman, M. C. J., & Geuze, R. H. (1998). Relative phase stability of bimanual and visuomanual rhythmic coordination patterns in children with a developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 17(4), 541-572.
28. Whitall, J., Getchell, N., McMenamin, S., Horn, C., Wilms‐Floet, A., & Clark, J. (2006). Perception–action coupling in children with and without DCD: frequency locking between task‐relevant auditory signals and motor responses in a dual‐motor task. Child: care, health and development, 32(6), 679-692.
29. Wilson, P. H., Ruddock, S., SMITS‐ENGELSMAN, B., Polatajko, H., & Blank, R. (2013). Understanding performance deficits in developmental coordination disorder: a meta‐analysis of recent research. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(3), 217-228.
30. Zwicker, J. G., Missiuna, C., Harris, S. R., & Boyd, L. A. (2010). Brain activation of children with developmental coordination disorder is different than peers. Pediatrics, 126(3), e678-e686.