نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه تربیت بدنی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران

2 .دانشیار، گروه تربیت بدنی، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه رفتار حرکتی و روان‌شناسی ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران

4 مربی، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: فاکتور نروتروفیک مشتق شده از مغز (BDNF) به عنوان یکی از عوامل مرتبط با عملکرد عصبی- عضلانی و عملکرد شناختی می‌باشد که با افزایش سن کاهش می‌یابد. هدف تحقیق حاضر مقایسه تاثیر تمرینات ایروبیک، و شناختی بر سطح تعادل پویا، توجه و سطح BDNF سرمی در مردان سالمند بود. روش کار: در تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر 60 مرد سالمند سالم به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در 4 گروه تمرین ایروبیک، تمرین شناختی، ترکیبی (ایروبیک- شناختی) و کنترل تقسیم شدند. تمرینات به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته انجام شدند. از آزمون های تی وابسته و تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه برای بررسی تغییرات درون گروهی و بین گروهی استفاده شد (05/0 ≥P). نتایج: پس از دوره تمرین افزایش معنی داری در BDNF سرمی در گروه های مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد (001/0 ≥ P). همچنین افزایش معنی داری در نسبت پاسخ های صحیح بر کل محرک های هدف و غیر هدف و کاهش معنی داری در خطای ارتکاب، خطای حذف و زمان واکنش در گروه های مداخله نسبت به گروه های کنترل مشاهده شد (05/0 > P). همچنین بهبود معنی داری در تعادل پویا در گروه های ایروبیک و ترکیبی نسبت به گروه های کنترل (001/0 > P) و تمرین شناختی (05/0 > P)مشاهده شد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: تمرینات شناختی و ایروبیک با افزایش BDNF موجب بهبود توجه و عملکرد تعادل در سالمندان می شود

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Cognitive and Aerobic Training on Cognitive and Motor Function, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors in Elderly Men

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Dana 1
  • Zynalabedin Fallah 2
  • Jalil Moradi 3
  • Akbar Ghalavand 4

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behaviour and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran

4 Instructor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Payame noor, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction and aims: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the factors associated with neuromuscular performance and cognitive function is reduced with increasing age. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and cognitive training on the dynamic balance, attention and serum BDNF levels in elderly men. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 60 healthy elderly men were selected through the purposeful sampling and were randomly divided into 4 groups including aerobic training, cognitive training, combinational training (cognitive aerobics) (cognitive training), and control. Training was performed during eight weeks at three sessions per week. T-test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05). Results: at the end of the period, a significant increase was observed in BDNF serum in the intervention group compared to the control group (P ≥0.001). Also, there was a significant increase in the ratio of the correct response on the target and non-target stimuli. In addition, a significant decrease was observed in commission errors and omission errors, and reaction time in intervention groups compared to control groups (P<0.05). It can be added that the significant improvement was observed in dynamic balance in aerobic and combination groups compared to the control (P<0.001) and cognitive training (P<0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive and aerobic training lead to improving the attention and balance performance in the elderly with increasing BDNF, and it is better to use a combination of physical and cognitive training for the elderly.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aerobic training
  • Cognitive Training
  • balance
  • attention
  • Elderly
  • BDNF
  1. Hekmati Pour N, Hojjati H. Effects of Exercise on Mental Health of Elderly. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery. 2016;26(4):36-42(in Persian).
  2. Zeng Y, Tan M, Kohyama J, Sneddon M, Watson JB, Sun YE, et al. Epigenetic enhancement of BDNF signaling rescues synaptic plasticity in aging. Soc Neuroscience; 2011.
  3. Upadhyaya HP. Managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the presence of substance use disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2007;68:23-30.
  4. Mander BA, Rao V, Lu B, Saletin JM, Lindquist JR, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging. Nature neuroscience. 2013;16(3):357-64.
  5. Moslehi M, Shahbazi M, Arabameri E, TahmasebiBoroujeni S. Comparisonof the Effectiveness of Various Physical, Cognitive, and Combined Rehabilitation on Memory and Attention of Veterans with PTSD. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2017;16(3):293-306(in Persian).
  6. Seidman LJ. Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical psychology review. 2006;26(4):466-85.
  7. McAuley E, Kramer AF, Colcombe SJ. Cardiovascular fitness and neurocognitive function in older adults: a brief review. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2004;18(3):214-20.
  8. Etnier JL, Salazar W, Landers DM, Petruzzello SJ, Han M, Nowell P. The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis. Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology. 1997;19(3):249-77.
  9. Young J, Angevaren M, Rusted J, Tabet N. Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. The Cochrane Library. 2015.
  10. Best JR. Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental Review. 2010;30(4):331-51.
  11. Golubović Š, Maksimović J, Golubović B, Glumbić N. Effects of exercise on physical fitness in children with intellectual disability. Research in developmental disabilities. 2012;33(2):608-14.
  12. Duzel E, van Praag H, Sendtner M. Can physical exercise in old age improve memory and hippocampal function? Brain. 2016;139(3):662-73.
  13. Begenisic T, Spolidoro M, Braschi C, Baroncelli L, Milanese M, Pietra G, et al. Environmental enrichment decreases GABAergic inhibition and improves cognitive abilities, synaptic plasticity, and visual functions in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2011;5:29.
  14. Kemoun G, Thibaud M, Roumagne N, Carette P, Albinet C, Toussaint L, et al. Effects of a physical training programme on cognitive function and walking efficiency in elderly persons with dementia. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2010;29(2):109-14.
  15. HosseinpourDelavar S, Behpour N, Tadibi V, Ramezankhani A. The Effect of 12 Weeks of Cognitive Motor Integrated Exercises on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the Elderly with Dementia. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2017;9(2):223-41(in Persian).
  16. Chang JY, Tsai P-F, Beck C, Hagen J, Huff DC, Anand K, et al. The effect of Tai Chi on cognition in elders with cognitive impairment. Medsurg Nursing. 2011;20(2):63.
  17. Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age-and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Physical therapy. 2002;82(2):128-37.
  18. Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Wally R. An external focus of attention enhances balance learning in older adults. Gait & posture. 2010;32(4):572-5.
  19. Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Ávila L. An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013;57(7):627-34.
  20. Twiss JL, Chang JH, Schanen NC. Pathophysiological mechanisms for actions of the neurotrophins. Brain Pathology. 2006;16(4):320-32.
  21. Lu B, Nagappan G, Lu Y. BDNF and synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and dysfunction. Neurotrophic Factors: Springer; 2014. p. 223-50.
  22. Griffin ÉW, Mullally S, Foley C, Warmington SA, O'Mara SM, Kelly ÁM. Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiology & behavior. 2011;104(5):934-41.
  23. Pilc J. The effect of physical activity on the brain derived neurotrophic factor: from animal to human studies. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2010;61(5):533-41.
  24. Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW. A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of psychiatric research. 2015;60:56-64.
  25. HadianFard H, Najarian B, Shokrkon Hosein, MehrabizadehHonarmand M. Preparation and preparation of the Farsi test form for continuous performance. Journal of Psychology.1999;4(20):388-40.(in Persian)
  26. Mancini M, Horak FB. The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 2010;46(2):239.
  27. Seifert T, Brassard P, Wissenberg M, Rasmussen P, Nordby P, Stallknecht B, et al. Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2009;298(2):R372-R7.
  28. Gómez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Roy RR, Molteni R, Edgerton VR. Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. Journal of neurophysiology. 2002;88(5):2187-95.
  29. Deschenes M, Maresh C, Crivello J, Armstrong L, Kraemer W, Covault J. The effects of exercise training of different intensities on neuromuscular junction morphology. Journal of neurocytology. 1993;22(8):603-15.
  30. Curtis R, Tonra JR, Stark JL, Adryan KM, Park JS, Cliffer KD, et al. Neuronal injury increases retrograde axonal transport of the neurotrophins to spinal sensory neurons and motor neurons via multiple receptor mechanisms. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 1998;12(3):105-18.
  31. Angelucci F, Peppe A, Carlesimo GA, Serafini F, Zabberoni S, Barban F, et al. A pilot study on the effect of cognitive training on BDNF serum levels in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2015;9:130.
  32. Leal G, Afonso PM, Salazar IL, Duarte CB. Regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by BDNF. Brain research. 2015;1621:82-101.
  33. Telonio A, Blanchet S, Maganaris CN, Baltzopoulos V, Villeneuve S, McFadyen BJ. The division of visual attention affects the transition point from level walking to stair descent in healthy, active older adults. Experimental gerontology. 2014;50:26-33.
  34. Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2007;7(2):109-19.
  35. Lampit A, Hallock H, Valenzuela M. Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS medicine. 2014;11(11):e1001756.
  36. Owsley C, McGwin G. Association between visual attention and mobility in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(11):1901-6.
  37. Hortobágyi T, Lesinski M, Gäbler M, VanSwearingen JM, Malatesta D, Granacher U. Effects of three types of exercise interventions on healthy old adults’ gait speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine. 2015;45(12):1627-43.
  38. Serra‐Rexach JA, Bustamante‐Ara N, Hierro Villarán M, González Gil P, Sanz Ibáñez MJ, Blanco Sanz N, et al. Short‐term, light‐to moderate‐intensity exercise training improves leg muscle strength in the oldest old: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2011;59(4):594-602.
  39. Van Praag H, Shubert T, Zhao C, Gage FH. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;25(38):8680-5.
  40. Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez‐Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;20(10):2580-90.
  41. Yoon JE, Lee SM, Lim HS, Kim TH, Jeon JK, Mun MH. The effects of cognitive activity combined with active extremity exercise on balance, walking activity, memory level and quality of life of an older adult sample with dementia. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(12):1601-4.
  42. Chou C-H, Hwang C-L, Wu Y-T. Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: a meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2012;93(2):237-44.